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[159.112.244.30]) by mx.google.com with UTF8SMTPS id af79cd13be357-8ee5b466e92si1686901085a.402.2026.04.25.12.55.03 for (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Sat, 25 Apr 2026 12:55:04 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of bounce+30b528.39b08c6-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d1.substack.com designates 159.112.244.30 as permitted sender) client-ip=159.112.244.30; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; dkim=pass header.i=@mg-d1.substack.com header.s=k1 header.b=AB6n3Bm4; dkim=pass header.i=@mailgun.org header.s=mg header.b=dxOA0sF7; spf=pass (google.com: domain of bounce+30b528.39b08c6-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d1.substack.com designates 159.112.244.30 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom="bounce+30b528.39b08c6-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d1.substack.com"; dmarc=pass (p=REJECT sp=REJECT dis=NONE) header.from=substack.com DKIM-Signature: a=rsa-sha256; v=1; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mg-d1.substack.com; q=dns/txt; s=k1; t=1777146903; x=1777154103; h=List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: List-Archive: List-Owner: Reply-To: In-Reply-To: References: Sender: Sender: Date: Message-Id: To: To: From: From: Subject: Subject: Content-Type: Mime-Version: X-Feedback-Id; bh=jHF+MpTkR4cH/gQEwJ1QrU2kpRWtzF3BErlx4fjYm5s=; b=AB6n3Bm4eZ/ULy/vhSgqIU3kEsHqRTSDTtniEOkeLXDt0zFmmct525fL9Q18FJGrdfblXpxd70WDvryeFHd2+0hZH2o01baM+gcWkrnVMuvXzXGqjpgbOOEzfU+EAtzL7x0kyiO8A59esYfIkmae2M8nKY+LLHnTKJNNtAc9l7g= DKIM-Signature: a=rsa-sha256; v=1; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mailgun.org; q=dns/txt; s=mg; t=1777146903; x=1777154103; h=List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: List-Archive: List-Owner: Reply-To: In-Reply-To: References: Sender: Sender: Date: Message-Id: To: To: From: From: Subject: Subject: Content-Type: Mime-Version: X-Feedback-Id; bh=jHF+MpTkR4cH/gQEwJ1QrU2kpRWtzF3BErlx4fjYm5s=; b=dxOA0sF7YROGmyXYcV2HltoFBjSuHtqiOsOvUFwuxWdfEUSaZoGwP19iic4kijheJdbfYTmGdscaraJA7EYQD5obWyEMKUIWwFjWSGIYHeILTeugv6CIsBTLtV7KfZuWsAsXZfge9zReBd82BfKptJh9HmBpc8URR6+Tm/iKnZ4= X-Mailgun-Sid: WyIxMWU0ZSIsInRqcGh1aHNAZ21haWwuY29tIiwiMzliMDhjNiJd X-Feedback-Id: postmaster@mg-d1.substack.com:post:614a1297c57bbbe25fa40e08:mailgun Received: by ad624e02d9eff2b3faf42e189188000bc97da4bcb7ee67b681191f54c5e4f21b with HTTP id 69ed1c178d25c23e53fb5d60; Sat, 25 Apr 2026 19:55:03 GMT X-Mailgun-Sending-Ip: 159.112.244.30 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="34fddff1798d072dbdf29567af12b957bfca35982330c760983b1864ba27" Subject: GLP-1s and Slowed Gastric Emptying Part 2: What About Nutrient Absorption? From: Derek from Research Radar To: tjphuhs@gmail.com X-Mailgun-Tag: post X-Mailgun-Track-Clicks: false Message-Id: <20260425195450.3.5a1a6611e884ff7a@mg-d1.substack.com> Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 19:54:50 +0000 Feedback-Id: post-195470318:cat-post:pub-3365367:substack Sender: Derek from Research Radar References: In-Reply-To: Reply-To: Derek from Research Radar List-Owner: List-Url: List-Archive: List-Id: List-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click X-Mailgun-Variables: {"category": "post", "email_generated_at": "1777146903247", "is_freemail": "true", "post_audience": "everyone", "post_id": "195470318", "post_type": "newsletter", "pub_community_enabled": "true", "publication_id": "3365367", "subdomain": "derekpruski", "user_id": "273622398"} --34fddff1798d072dbdf29567af12b957bfca35982330c760983b1864ba27 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable View this post on the web at https://derekpruski.substack.com/p/glp-1s-and-= slowed-gastric-emptying-4ec After the first post on medication absorption, a lot of you asked the natur= al follow-up question: what about food? What about nutrients? If gastric em= ptying is slowed dramatically, are we actually absorbing more from our meal= s because food sits in the stomach longer? Or is something else going on? There=E2=80=99s a popular claim floating around that slowed gastric emptyin= g means =E2=80=9Cyou digest your food better=E2=80=9D =E2=80=94 and like mo= st popular claims, it=E2=80=99s partially true, partially misleading, and w= orth unpacking properly. Let=E2=80=99s walk through it. The Mechanism Recap Quick refresher from Part 1: GLP-1 receptor agonists slow gastric emptying = by reducing antral contractility, increasing pyloric tone, and dampening th= e migrating motor complex. Food sits in the stomach longer. The release of = chyme into the small intestine becomes slower and more gradual. The intuitive leap people make is: longer time in the stomach equals more b= reakdown equals better absorption downstream. Sounds reasonable. Reality is= more nuanced. What Actually Happens to Nutrient Absorption Here=E2=80=99s the key distinction =E2=80=94 gastric emptying and nutrient = absorption are two different processes happening in two different places. The stomach=E2=80=99s main jobs are mechanical breakdown and acid/pepsin de= naturation of proteins. The actual absorption of macronutrients and most mi= cronutrients happens in the small intestine. So slowing the stomach doesn= =E2=80=99t directly mean =E2=80=9Cmore absorption=E2=80=9D =E2=80=94 it mea= ns food is being released into the small intestine on a delayed, smoothed-o= ut timeline. What the literature actually shows for GLP-1 users: Macronutrient absorption is largely preserved. Protein, carbs, fats =E2=80= =94 the small intestine still absorbs them effectively. Total caloric absor= ption from a given meal isn=E2=80=99t meaningfully reduced. The curve is ju= st stretched out. Postprandial glucose excursions are blunted. This is one of the most well-d= ocumented effects. Because carbs trickle into the small intestine more slow= ly, blood glucose rises more gradually. This is part of how GLP-1s improve = glycemic control =E2=80=94 not by blocking carb absorption, but by smoothin= g the delivery. Gastric digestion of protein may be more thorough. This is the kernel of tr= uth in the =E2=80=9Cyou digest better=E2=80=9D claim. With food sitting in = acidic gastric conditions longer, protein denaturation by pepsin has more t= ime to occur. Whether this translates to meaningfully better downstream ami= no acid absorption is less clear in the human data, but mechanistically it= =E2=80=99s plausible. Fat digestion timing shifts. Fats normally slow gastric emptying on their o= wn as a feedback signal. On a GLP-1, that signal is layered on top of an al= ready-slowed system. Fat-heavy meals can sit particularly long, which is pa= rt of why high-fat meals tend to produce the worst GI side effects on these= protocols. Specific Nutrient Issues That Have Popped Up This is where the rubber meets the road. Across the broader GLP-1 user base= =E2=80=94 both clinical and community-reported =E2=80=94 certain nutrient = deficiencies and suboptimal labs have shown up consistently enough that the= y=E2=80=99re worth flagging individually. Protein and lean mass loss. This is the big one. Studies on semaglutide wei= ght loss have shown that 25=E2=80=9340% of total weight lost can come from = lean mass when protein intake and resistance training aren=E2=80=99t priori= tized. The mechanism isn=E2=80=99t a protein absorption problem =E2=80=94 i= t=E2=80=99s that users are eating dramatically less total protein because a= ppetite is suppressed across the board. Combined with reduced training stim= ulus from low-energy availability, the body has every reason to drop muscle= =2E This is the most consistent and mos= t preventable issue on GLP-1 protocols= =2E B12 (cobalamin). Showed up early in GLP-1 literature and continues to be re= ported. B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by gastric pariet= al cells, and the absorption itself happens in the terminal ileum. Reduced = overall food intake plus altered gastric environment can produce suboptimal= B12 status over months on protocol. Symptoms can be vague =E2=80=94 fatigu= e, brain fog, neuropathy in worse cases. Worth checking on bloodwork. Iron. Iron absorption in the duodenum is dependent on gastric acid for solu= bilization, particularly for non-heme iron from plant sources. GLP-1s appea= r to reduce gastric acid output in some users, and combined with reduced re= d meat intake (which is common because protein-heavy meals often feel the w= orst), iron status can drift downward. Women with menstrual losses are at p= articular risk here. Magnesium. Often shows up as cramping, restless legs, sleep disturbances, o= r muscle twitches. Multifactorial =E2=80=94 reduced food intake, increased = GI losses (especially during dose escalation when GI side effects are worst= ), and the fact that magnesium is one of the most common borderline-low nut= rients in the general population even before adding a GLP-1. Potassium and sodium. Electrolyte disturbances are common, especially durin= g dose escalation. Reduced food intake means reduced potassium intake (most= people get the majority of their potassium from food, not supplements), an= d reduced sodium intake combined with any GI losses can produce real sympto= ms =E2=80=94 lightheadedness on standing, fatigue, headaches, muscle weakne= ss. The =E2=80=9CGLP-1 keto flu=E2=80=9D people describe in the first weeks= is largely an electrolyte story. Vitamin D. Not necessarily an absorption issue =E2=80=94 more an intake iss= ue, since vitamin D-rich foods (fatty fish, fortified dairy, eggs) often dr= op out of the diet when appetite tanks. Pre-existing low vitamin D in the p= opulation gets worse, not better, on protocol. Calcium. Calcium absorption depends on gastric acid for solubility and on a= dequate vitamin D status. Both can shift on GLP-1 protocols. Long-term conc= ern is bone density, particularly in users on extended protocols who are al= so losing weight rapidly =E2=80=94 bone mass loss has been documented along= side lean mass loss in some semaglutide and tirzepatide studies. Thiamine (B1). Less commonly discussed but worth mentioning. Thiamine has l= imited body stores (only 2=E2=80=933 weeks worth) and requires consistent i= ntake. Cases of thiamine deficiency have been reported in patients on GLP-1= s with significant intake reduction or persistent vomiting during dose esca= lation. The clinical presentation can include neurological symptoms and is = one of the more serious nutrient issues that=E2=80=99s emerged. Hydration / fluid balance. Not a nutrient per se, but worth grouping here. = Reduced food intake means reduced incidental water intake (food carries mor= e water than people realize). Combined with reduced thirst signaling that s= ome users report, dehydration is one of the most common practical issues = =E2=80=94 and it amplifies a lot of the other symptoms above. The Pattern Behind All of This Notice the through-line =E2=80=94 most of these issues aren=E2=80=99t actua= lly about altered absorption from slowed gastric emptying. They=E2=80=99re = about dramatically reduced intake, layered on top of slightly altered absor= ption conditions, layered on top of pre-existing borderline status in the g= eneral population. The reduced intake piece is doing the heavy lifting. If someone=E2=80=99s e= ating 40% less food across the board, they=E2=80=99re getting 40% less of e= verything in that food. That=E2=80=99s not an absorption problem =E2=80=94 = that=E2=80=99s an intake problem. But the two get conflated constantly. So Is It True That You =E2=80=9CDigest Better=E2=80=9D? Partially. The longer gastric residence time does likely improve mechanical= and chemical breakdown of food, particularly proteins. That=E2=80=99s the = legitimate kernel. What it doesn=E2=80=99t mean is that you=E2=80=99re extracting more total n= utrition from less food. The math on caloric and macro absorption doesn=E2= =80=99t really change. What changes is the kinetics =E2=80=94 same total nu= trition, delivered on a stretched-out curve. The Practical Takeaway A few things worth keeping in mind on a GLP-1 protocol: Protein intake matters more, not less. Because total food intake drops sign= ificantly for most users, and because muscle preservation depends on hittin= g adequate protein, the protein piece becomes proportionally more important= =2E Slower gastric emptying doesn= =E2=80=99t fix an underdose =E2=80=94 it jus= t changes the timing of an adequate one. Hydration and electrolytes need attention. Reduced food intake means reduce= d incidental fluid and electrolyte intake. This is one of the more common p= ractical issues users run into, and it shows up early. Micronutrient density matters. When total volume drops, every meal needs to= do more nutritional work. This is where multivitamin or targeted supplemen= tation conversations come up, and where bloodwork on longer protocols actua= lly starts to earn its keep =E2=80=94 particularly for B12, iron, vitamin D= , and magnesium. Resistance training is non-negotiable for lean mass. The lean mass loss dat= a on GLP-1s is the most consistent finding across studies. Adequate protein= plus actual training stimulus is the only thing that meaningfully shifts t= hat curve. Don=E2=80=99t interpret slower digestion as =E2=80=9Cbetter digestion=E2=80= =9D in a way that lets you eat less and call it equivalent. It=E2=80=99s no= t. The math on total nutrition still has to work out. The GLP-1 changes the= curve, not the conservation of mass. The framing from Part 1 applies here too: slower does not mean less, but it= also doesn=E2=80=99t mean more. The kinetics shift; the totals mostly don= =E2=80=99t. Where things actually go wrong on GLP-1 protocols isn=E2=80=99t= usually absorption =E2=80=94 it=E2=80=99s the dramatic reduction in intake= that gets ignored because the appetite suppression is doing its job. Pay attention to what you=E2=80=99re putting in. Slowed gastric emptying is= doing interesting things to the timing, but it can=E2=80=99t manufacture n= utrition out of food that isn=E2=80=99t there. This article is for research and educational purposes only. The compounds a= nd protocols discussed are intended for in vitro and laboratory research us= e. Nothing in this article constitutes medical advice, clinical guidance, o= r recommendations for human consumption. 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.twitter-embed .tweet-text, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-text, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-text, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-text { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.four, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed .tweet-photos-container.four, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.four, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.four { height: 200px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .twitter-embed a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed a.expanded-link .expanded-link-= img, .typography .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img, .typography.editor .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img { max-height: 180px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .twitter-embed a.expanded-link .expanded-link-descrip= tion, .typography.editor .markup .twitter-embed a.expanded-link .expanded-link-= description, .typography .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-description, .typography.editor .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-descript= ion { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .apple-podcast-container, .typography.editor .markup .apple-podcast-container { width: unset; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substack-app-= embed-img, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substa= ck-app-embed-img { margin: 0 auto 16px auto; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-emb= ed-text, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-= app-embed-text { margin: 0 0 12px 0; max-width: 100%; width: auto; text-align: center; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-emb= ed-link, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-= app-embed-link { display: flex; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container { height: 38px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container a.comment { height: 38px; line-height: 38px; padding-right: 10px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .share-button-container .separator { display: block; margin: 0; height: 8px; border-left: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .share-button-container a.share.first img { padding-left: 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container a.mobile { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .settings-add-pub-modal-wrapper .container .add-recommending-pub-modal-co= ntainer { padding: 36px; height: 680px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .settings-add-pub-modal-wrapper .container .add-recommending-pub-modal-co= ntainer .footer { position: absolute; bottom: 36px; margin: 0px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .header-anchor-parent { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .post { padding: 16px 0 0 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-header .post-label { margin-top: 8px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-header .meta-author-wrap.alternative-meta .meta-right-column = =2Epost-meta { margin-top: 6px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .footer-facepile-container { height: 64px; padding: 0 16px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-start; width: 100%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-footer.use-separators { justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-footer.next-prev { height: 64px; justify-content: space-between; box-sizing: border-box; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-table { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-table-row { display: flex; flex-direction: row; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-userhead-cell, .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-cell { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-cell { flex-grow: 1; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-table { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-table-row { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-copy-cell, .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls-cell { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-copy-cell { margin: 0 0 16px 0; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls-cell { width: auto; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls { margin: auto; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls .button.primary { width: 100%; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-text { font-size: 14px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .post-silhouette { padding: 32px 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-title { margin-top: 10.44225025px; height: 120px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-meta { width: 75%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-meta.with-byline-image { margin: 20px 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item { padding-right: 16px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item { font-size: 14px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item.guest-author-pu= blication, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item.guest-author-publication { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button { height: 36px !important; /* important to override in-line height style on emails */ } .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button .meta-button-label { display: none; } .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button > svg { margin-right: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .post-meta .post-meta-item { font-size: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .floating-subscribe-button { bottom: 20px; right: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 1024px) { body .pullquote-align-left, body .pullquote-align-right, body .pullquote-align-wide, body .pullquote-align-center { float: none; margin: 0 auto; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; } } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { body .markup table.image-wrapper img, body .markup table.kindle-wrapper img { max-width: 550px; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) { body:not(:has(#toc)) .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-off= set-left) { margin-left: var(--image-offset-margin); } body:not(:has(#toc)) .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-off= set-right) { margin-right: var(--image-offset-margin); } } @media (min-width: 1300px) { body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-offset-left) { margin-left: var(--image-offset-margin); } body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-offset-right) { margin-right: var(--image-offset-margin); } } @media (max-width: 1024px) { body { /* Disable offset on mobile/tablet */ } body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-left), body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-right) { float: none; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; width: auto; padding: 0; } body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-left.thefp), body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-right.thefp) = { margin: 1em auto; } body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-offset-left), body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-offset-right) { margin: 1em auto; } body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-left) .image2= -inset, body .captioned-image-container figure:has(> a.image2-align-right) .image= 2-inset { display: block; justify-content: initial; } } @media (max-width: 768px) { body .markup div.sponsorship-campaign-embed { margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; } body .markup div.sponsorship-campaign-embed:first-child { margin-top: 0px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.youtube-overlay, body .markup div.vimeo-overlay { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { body .markup div.tiktok-wrap { width: calc(95vw - 32px); height: calc((95vw - 32px - 2px) / 0.485714); } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.embedded-publication-wrap .embedded-publication.show-sub= scribe { padding: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subsc= ribe, body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe, body .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subscrib= e { padding: 0px 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subsc= ribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe 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(max-width: 650px) { body .markup .twitter-embed a.expanded-link .expanded-link-description, body .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-description { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .apple-podcast-container { width: unset; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substack-app-embed-i= mg { margin: 0 auto 16px auto; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-embed-text= { margin: 0 0 12px 0; max-width: 100%; width: auto; text-align: center; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-embed-link= { display: flex; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (min-width: 500px) { body .header a.logo { width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 420px) { body .subscription-receipt table:first-of-type .subscription-amount .subs= cription-discount { width: 72px !important; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { body .share-button-container { height: auto; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { body .share-button-container .separator { display: block !important; margin: 0 !important; height: 8px !important; border-left: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .digest .item .post-meta-item.audience { display: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 500px) { .digest-publication .logo img { width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 8px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .comments-page .container .comment-list .collapsed-reply { margin-left: calc(10 + 32px - 24px); } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .comment > .comment-list { padding-left: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .finish-magic-login-modal .modal-content .container { padding: 24px 0; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .reader2-text-b3 { line-height: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .reader2-text-h4 { line-height: 24px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .user-profile-modal { padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .subscribe-widget form.form .sideBySideWrap button.rightButton { padding: 10px 12px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .pub-icon:hover .logo-hover, .feed-item-icon:hover .logo-hover { display: block; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button-wrapper { width: 100%; padding: 16px; } .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button-wrapper:empty { display: none; } .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button { width: 100%; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper { padding: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper-editor { padding: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper-editor:active { padding: 0; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 650px) { .file-embed-button.wide, 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.audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player { padding: 32px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: flex; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:last-of-type= { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 300px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 350px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-substack-logo { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-title { margin-top: 16px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 15%; width: 15%; display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-substack-logo { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 350px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 25%; width: 25%; display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: flex; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 40%; width: 40%; } } @media (max-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { margin-top: 12px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button { font-size: 13px; padding: 6px 12px; height: auto; margin-top: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 55%; width: 55%; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .poll-editor-modal { min-width: calc(100% - 20px); } } @media (max-width: 750px) { .poll-embed .poll-anchor-target .poll-anchor-copy-button { left: 8px; top: 45px; } } @media not all and (min-resolution: 0.001dpcm) { @supports (-webkit-appearance: none) { p a:not(.primary.button), .post p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button), .footnote a.footnote-anchor:not(.primary.button), .thread-head .markup p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button) { color: #ff6719; text-decoration: none; } p a:not(.primary.button):hover, .post p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button):hover, .footnote a.footnote-anchor:not(.primary.button):hover, .thread-head .markup p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button):hove= r { text-decoration: underline; } } }</style></head><body class=3D"email-body" style=3D"font-kerning: auto;--im= age-offset-margin: -120px;"><img src=3D"https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/o/9c5= d06cbd92cf407/p.gif?token=3DeyJtIjoiPDIwMjYwNDI1MTk1NDUwLjMuNWExYTY2MTFlODg= 0ZmY3YUBtZy1kMS5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MjczNjIyMzk4LCJyIjoidGpwaHVoc0BnbW= FpbC5jb20iLCJkIjoibWctZDEuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tIiwicCI6MTk1NDcwMzE4LCJ0IjoibmV3c= 2xldHRlciIsImEiOiJldmVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjMzNjUzNjcsImMiOiJwb3N0IiwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwi= cG9zaXRpb24iOiJ0b3AiLCJpYXQiOjE3NzcxNDY5MDMsImV4cCI6MTc3OTczODkwMywiaXNzIjo= icHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJlbyJ9.ot_ZQl_kK4uCc_NDMgYHa7-y674YWNR00UJQpl8BDMs" alt= =3D"" width=3D"1" height=3D"1" border=3D"0" style=3D"height:1px !important;= width:1px !important;border-width:0 !important;margin-top:0 !important;marg= in-bottom:0 !important;margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;p= adding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;padding-right:0 !import= ant;padding-left:0 !important;"/><div class=3D"preview" style=3D"display:no= ne;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px= ;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;">After the first post on medication absorption,= a lot of you asked the natural follow-up question: what about food?</div><= div class=3D"preview" style=3D"display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;lin= e-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;">͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­</div><table class=3D"email-bo= dy-container" role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing= =3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td class=3D"content" width=3D= "550"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td class=3D"content" width=3D"550" a= 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email-title&utm_campaign=3Demail-post-title&isFreemail=3Dtrue&r=3D4iwoe6&to= ken=3DeyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoyNzM2MjIzOTgsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5NTQ3MDMxOCwiaWF0IjoxNzc3M= TQ2OTAzLCJleHAiOjE3Nzk3Mzg5MDMsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0zMzY1MzY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1y= ZWFjdGlvbiJ9.hA4YL60tjzyvRHKhat7WhGVncf7sjLWOvihnE_hnsRM" style=3D"color: r= gb(54,55,55);text-decoration: none;">GLP-1s and Slowed Gastric Emptying Par= t 2: What About Nutrient Absorption?</a></h1><table class=3D"post-meta" rol= e=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddin= g=3D"0" style=3D"margin: 1em 0;height: 20px;align-items: center;"><tbody><t= r><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing= =3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width= =3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td s= tyle=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset color-prima= ry-zABazT line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medi= 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t-decoration: none" href=3D"https://substack.com/@dereksresearchradar">Dere= k</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td><table role=3D"prese= ntation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><t= body><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-res= et color-secondary-ls1g8s line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-Nu= Y2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzB= VA" style=3D"list-style: none;font-size: 11px;line-height: 20px;text-decora= tion: unset;color: rgb(119,119,119);margin: 0;font-family: 'SF Compact',-ap= ple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Hel= vetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symb= ol';font-weight: 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: .2px;"><time= datetime=3D"2026-04-25T19:54:50.392Z">Apr 25</time></div></td></tr></tbody= ></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td align=3D"right"><table role=3D"= 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r=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"vertica= l-align:middle;"><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" c= ellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td align=3D"center"><a class= =3D"email-button-outline" href=3D"https://open.substack.com/pub/derekpruski= /p/glp-1s-and-slowed-gastric-emptying-4ec?utm_source=3Demail&redirect=3Dapp= -store&utm_campaign=3Demail-read-in-app" style=3D"font-family: system-ui,-a= pple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif= ,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';display: inline-blo= ck;font-weight: 500;border: 1px solid rgb(0,0,0,.1);border-radius: 9999px;t= ext-transform: uppercase;font-size: 12px;line-height: 12px;padding: 9px 14p= x;text-decoration: none;color: rgb(119,119,119);"><div class=3D"email-butto= n-spacer" style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;display: inline-block;= vertical-align: middle;max-width: 0;min-height: 18px;"></div><span class=3D= "email-button-text" style=3D"vertical-align: middle;margin-right: 4px">READ= IN APP</span><img class=3D"icon text-icon" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/= image/fetch/$s_!ET-_!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/h= ttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideArrowUpRight%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36= %26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2" width=3D"18" heigh= t=3D"18" style=3D"min-width: 18px;min-height: 18px;border: none;vertical-al= ign: middle;margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;max-width: 18px" alt=3D""></a></= td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table= ></td></tr><tr height=3D"16"><td height=3D"16" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-= height:0;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class=3D"post t= ypography" dir=3D"auto" style=3D"--image-offset-margin: -120px;padding: 32p= x 0 0 0;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><div class=3D"body markup" dir= =3D"auto" style=3D"text-align: initial;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;wi= dth: 100%;word-break: break-word;margin-bottom: 16px;"><p style=3D"margin: = 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;margin-to= p: 0;">After the first post on medication absorption, a lot of you asked th= e natural follow-up question: what about food? What about nutrients? If gas= tric emptying is slowed dramatically, are we actually absorbing more from o= ur meals because food sits in the stomach longer? Or is something else goin= g on?</p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size= : 16px;line-height: 26px;margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"width: 100%;m= argin: 0 auto;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" = cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStati= c" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-ali= gn: center;"></td><td class=3D"content" align=3D"left" width=3D"1254" style= =3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"= https://substack.com/redirect/a7889469-0672-4e02-ad6b-4e227740c96f?j=3DeyJ1= IjoiNGl3b2U2In0.sVDxRtmZ85v8kfdamY0krRXGMy3p768BWtuZifRB-Zs" style=3D"posit= ion: relative;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;padding: 0;width: = auto;height: auto;border: none;text-decoration: none;display: block;margin:= 0;"><img class=3D"wide-image" data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https:/= /substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4956d7b3-aacb-4c50-86ac= -c72d2c3c918a_1254x1254.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"ful= lscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":1254,"= ;width":1254,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":1565843,&q= uot;alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png&= quot;,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage&q= uot;:true,"internalRedirect":"https://derekpruski.substack.c= om/i/195470318?img=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fp= ublic%2Fimages%2F4956d7b3-aacb-4c50-86ac-c72d2c3c918a_1254x1254.png",&= quot;isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":fal= se}" alt=3D"" width=3D"550" height=3D"550" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/i= mage/fetch/$s_!-60R!,w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep= /https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F495= 6d7b3-aacb-4c50-86ac-c72d2c3c918a_1254x1254.png" style=3D"border: none !imp= ortant;vertical-align: middle;display: block;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubi= c;height: auto;margin-bottom: 0;width: auto !important;max-width: 100% !imp= ortant;margin: 0 auto;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></t= r></tbody></table></figure></div><div class=3D"subscribe-widget is-signed-u= p" data-component-name=3D"SubscribeWidget" style=3D"margin: 0 0 1em;directi= on: ltr;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset= button-wrapper" style=3D"text-decoration: unset;list-style: none;font-size= : 16px;line-height: 26px;text-align: center;cursor: pointer;border-radius: = 4px;"><a class=3D"button subscribe-btn primary" href=3D"https://substack.co= m/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9kZXJla3BydXNraS5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc3Vic2NyaW= JlP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9cG9zdCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtY2hlY2tvdXQmbmV4dD1odHRwc= yUzQSUyRiUyRmRlcmVrcHJ1c2tpLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSUyRnAlMkZnbHAtMXMtYW5kLXNsb3dl= ZC1nYXN0cmljLWVtcHR5aW5nLTRlYyZyPTRpd29lNiZ0b2tlbj1leUoxYzJWeVgybGtJam95Tnp= NMk1qSXpPVGdzSW1saGRDSTZNVGMzTnpFME5qa3dNeXdpWlhod0lqb3hOemM1TnpNNE9UQXpMQ0= pwYzNNaU9pSndkV0l0TXpNMk5UTTJOeUlzSW5OMVlpSTZJbU5vWldOcmIzVjBJbjAuMVFkVlhZa= EhnQ2stNnZVUVpCa2lhdkN5MG16NWkySVExZ0VvcDltY0tLNCIsInAiOjE5NTQ3MDMxOCwicyI6= MzM2NTM2NywiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6MjczNjIyMzk4LCJpYXQiOjE3NzcxNDY5MDMsImV4cCI6MjA= 5MjcyMjkwMywiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.Xa6v3gWATy3nff= 0UtMABOoSvcmI-0L_bEeY1NHaEPhI?&utm_medium=3Demail&utm_source=3Dsubscribe-wi= dget&utm_content=3D195470318" style=3D"font-family: system-ui,-apple-system= ,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Col= or Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';display: inline-block;box-sizi= ng: border-box;cursor: pointer;border: none;border-radius: 8px;font-size: 1= 4px;line-height: 20px;font-weight: 600;text-align: center;opacity: 1;outlin= e: none;white-space: nowrap;text-decoration: none !important;margin: 0 auto= ;background-color: #FF6719;color: #ffffff !important;padding: 12px 20px;hei= ght: auto;"><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;text-decoration: none;">Upgrade t= o paid</span></a></div></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,5= 5,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px = 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">There’s a = popular claim floating around that slowed gastric emptying means “you= digest your food better” — and like most popular claims, it= 217;s partially true, partially misleading, and worth unpacking properly.</= p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;fon= t-size: 16px;">Let’s walk through it.</p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-p= ost" style=3D"position: relative;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-syste= m-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Hel= vetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symb= ol';font-weight: bold;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smo= othing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance:= optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;= color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">The Mechanism= Recap</h3><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height:= 26px;font-size: 16px;">Quick refresher from Part 1: GLP-1 receptor agonist= s slow gastric emptying by reducing antral contractility, increasing pylori= c tone, and dampening the migrating motor complex. Food sits in the stomach= longer. The release of chyme into the small intestine becomes slower and m= ore gradual.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-he= ight: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The intuitive leap people make is: longer time= in the stomach equals more breakdown equals better absorption downstream. = Sounds reasonable. Reality is more nuanced.</p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-p= ost" style=3D"position: relative;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-syste= m-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Hel= vetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symb= ol';font-weight: bold;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smo= othing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance:= optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;= color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">What Actually= Happens to Nutrient Absorption</h3><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: r= gb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Here’s the key disti= nction — gastric emptying and nutrient absorption are two different p= rocesses happening in two different places.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px= 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The stomachR= 17;s main jobs are mechanical breakdown and acid/pepsin denaturation of pro= teins. The actual absorption of macronutrients and most micronutrients happ= ens in the small intestine. So slowing the stomach doesn’t directly m= ean “more absorption” — it means food is being released i= nto the small intestine on a delayed, smoothed-out timeline.</p><p style=3D= "margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;= ">What the literature actually shows for GLP-1 users:</p><p style=3D"margin= : 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><stro= ng>Macronutrient absorption is largely preserved.</strong><span> Protein, c= arbs, fats — the small intestine still absorbs them effectively. Tota= l caloric absorption from a given meal isn’t meaningfully reduced. Th= e curve is just stretched out.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;col= or: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Postprandial = glucose excursions are blunted.</strong><span> This is one of the most well= -documented effects. Because carbs trickle into the small intestine more sl= owly, blood glucose rises more gradually. This is part of how GLP-1s improv= e glycemic control — not by blocking carb absorption, but by smoothin= g the delivery.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,5= 5);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Gastric digestion of protein= may be more thorough.</strong><span> This is the kernel of truth in the &#= 8220;you digest better” claim. With food sitting in acidic gastric co= nditions longer, protein denaturation by pepsin has more time to occur. Whe= ther this translates to meaningfully better downstream amino acid absorptio= n is less clear in the human data, but mechanistically it’s plausible= =2E</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20= px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height= : 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Fat digestion timing shifts.</strong><span= > Fats normally slow gastric emptying on their own as a feedback signal. On= a GLP-1, that signal is layered on top of an already-slowed system. Fat-he= avy meals can sit particularly long, which is part of why high-fat meals te= nd to produce the worst GI side effects on these protocols.</span></p><h3 c= lass=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: relative;font-family: 'SF Pr= o Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFon= t,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe U= I Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-webkit-font-smoothing: antial= iased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegi= bility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility;m= argin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 1.16em;font-size: = 1.375em;">Specific Nutrient Issues That Have Popped Up</h3><p style=3D"marg= in: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Thi= s is where the rubber meets the road. Across the broader GLP-1 user base &#= 8212; both clinical and community-reported — certain nutrient deficie= ncies and suboptimal labs have shown up consistently enough that they’= ;re worth flagging individually.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: r= gb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Protein and lean m= ass loss.</strong><span> This is the big one. Studies on semaglutide weight= loss have shown that 25–40% of total weight lost can come from lean = mass when protein intake and resistance training aren’t prioritized. = The mechanism isn’t a protein absorption problem — it’s t= hat users are eating dramatically less total protein because appetite is su= ppressed across the board. Combined with reduced training stimulus from low= -energy availability, the body has every reason to drop muscle. This is the= most consistent and most preventable issue on GLP-1 protocols.</span></p><= p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-s= ize: 16px;"><strong>B12 (cobalamin).</strong><span> Showed up early in GLP-= 1 literature and continues to be reported. B12 absorption requires intrinsi= c factor produced by gastric parietal cells, and the absorption itself happ= ens in the terminal ileum. Reduced overall food intake plus altered gastric= environment can produce suboptimal B12 status over months on protocol. Sym= ptoms can be vague — fatigue, brain fog, neuropathy in worse cases. W= orth checking on bloodwork.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color:= rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Iron.</strong><s= pan> Iron absorption in the duodenum is dependent on gastric acid for solub= ilization, particularly for non-heme iron from plant sources. GLP-1s appear= to reduce gastric acid output in some users, and combined with reduced red= meat intake (which is common because protein-heavy meals often feel the wo= rst), iron status can drift downward. Women with menstrual losses are at pa= rticular risk here.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,= 55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Magnesium.</strong><span= > Often shows up as cramping, restless legs, sleep disturbances, or muscle = twitches. Multifactorial — reduced food intake, increased GI losses (= especially during dose escalation when GI side effects are worst), and the = fact that magnesium is one of the most common borderline-low nutrients in t= he general population even before adding a GLP-1.</span></p><p style=3D"mar= gin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><s= trong>Potassium and sodium.</strong><span> Electrolyte disturbances are com= mon, especially during dose escalation. Reduced food intake means reduced p= otassium intake (most people get the majority of their potassium from food,= not supplements), and reduced sodium intake combined with any GI losses ca= n produce real symptoms — lightheadedness on standing, fatigue, heada= ches, muscle weakness. The “GLP-1 keto flu” people describe in = the first weeks is largely an electrolyte story.</span></p><p style=3D"marg= in: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><st= rong>Vitamin D.</strong><span> Not necessarily an absorption issue — = more an intake issue, since vitamin D-rich foods (fatty fish, fortified dai= ry, eggs) often drop out of the diet when appetite tanks. Pre-existing low = vitamin D in the population gets worse, not better, on protocol.</span></p>= <p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-= size: 16px;"><strong>Calcium.</strong><span> Calcium absorption depends on = gastric acid for solubility and on adequate vitamin D status. Both can shif= t on GLP-1 protocols. Long-term concern is bone density, particularly in us= ers on extended protocols who are also losing weight rapidly — bone m= ass loss has been documented alongside lean mass loss in some semaglutide a= nd tirzepatide studies.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb= (54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Thiamine (B1).</stro= ng><span> Less commonly discussed but worth mentioning. Thiamine has limite= d body stores (only 2–3 weeks worth) and requires consistent intake. = Cases of thiamine deficiency have been reported in patients on GLP-1s with = significant intake reduction or persistent vomiting during dose escalation.= The clinical presentation can include neurological symptoms and is one of = the more serious nutrient issues that’s emerged.</span></p><p style= =3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16= px;"><strong>Hydration / fluid balance.</strong><span> Not a nutrient per s= e, but worth grouping here. Reduced food intake means reduced incidental wa= ter intake (food carries more water than people realize). Combined with red= uced thirst signaling that some users report, dehydration is one of the mos= t common practical issues — and it amplifies a lot of the other sympt= oms above.</span></p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: re= lative;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-appl= e-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'A= pple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-web= kit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webki= t-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appear= ance: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-= height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">The Pattern Behind All of This</h3><p s= tyle=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size= : 16px;">Notice the through-line — most of these issues aren’t = actually about altered absorption from slowed gastric emptying. They’= re about dramatically reduced intake, layered on top of slightly altered ab= sorption conditions, layered on top of pre-existing borderline status in th= e general population.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55= );line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The reduced intake piece is doing the= heavy lifting. If someone’s eating 40% less food across the board, t= hey’re getting 40% less of everything in that food. That’s not = an absorption problem — that’s an intake problem. But the two g= et conflated constantly.</p><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"posit= ion: relative;font-family: 'SF Pro Display',-apple-system-headline,system-u= i,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-s= erif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bo= ld;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased= ;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility= ;appearance: optimizelegibility;margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55= );line-height: 1.16em;font-size: 1.375em;">So Is It True That You “Di= gest Better”?</h3><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55)= ;line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Partially. The longer gastric residenc= e time does likely improve mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, parti= cularly proteins. That’s the legitimate kernel.</p><p style=3D"margin= : 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span= >What it doesn’t mean is that you’re extracting more total nutr= ition from less food. The math on caloric and macro absorption doesn’= t really change. What changes is the </span><em>kinetics</em><span> —= same total nutrition, delivered on a stretched-out curve.</span></p><h3 cl= ass=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"position: relative;font-family: 'SF Pro= Display',-apple-system-headline,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont= ,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI= Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: bold;-webkit-font-smoothing: antiali= ased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased;-webkit-appearance: optimizelegib= ility;-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility;appearance: optimizelegibility;ma= rgin: 1em 0 0.625em 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 1.16em;font-size: 1= =2E375em;">The Practical Takeaway</h3>= <p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: r= gb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">A few things worth keeping= in mind on a GLP-1 protocol:</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(= 54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Protein intake matter= s more, not less.</strong><span> Because total food intake drops significan= tly for most users, and because muscle preservation depends on hitting adeq= uate protein, the protein piece becomes proportionally more important. Slow= er gastric emptying doesn’t fix an underdose — it just changes = the timing of an adequate one.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;col= or: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Hydration and= electrolytes need attention.</strong><span> Reduced food intake means redu= ced incidental fluid and electrolyte intake. This is one of the more common= practical issues users run into, and it shows up early.</span></p><p style= =3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16= px;"><strong>Micronutrient density matters.</strong><span> When total volum= e drops, every meal needs to do more nutritional work. This is where multiv= itamin or targeted supplementation conversations come up, and where bloodwo= rk on longer protocols actually starts to earn its keep — particularl= y for B12, iron, vitamin D, and magnesium.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 = 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>R= esistance training is non-negotiable for lean mass.</strong><span> The lean= mass loss data on GLP-1s is the most consistent finding across studies. Ad= equate protein plus actual training stimulus is the only thing that meaning= fully shifts that curve.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rg= b(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>Don’t interpr= et slower digestion as “better digestion” in a way that lets yo= u eat less and call it equivalent.</strong><span> It’s not. The math = on total nutrition still has to work out. The GLP-1 changes the curve, not = the conservation of mass.</span></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: r= gb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The framing from Part 1 ap= plies here too: slower does not mean less, but it also doesn’t mean m= ore. The kinetics shift; the totals mostly don’t. Where things actual= ly go wrong on GLP-1 protocols isn’t usually absorption — it= 217;s the dramatic reduction in intake that gets ignored because the appeti= te suppression is doing its job.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: r= gb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Pay attention to what you&= #8217;re putting in. Slowed gastric emptying is doing interesting things to= the timing, but it can’t manufacture nutrition out of food that isn&= #8217;t there.</p><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr sty= le=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);borde= r: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-he= ight: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><em>This article is for research and education= al purposes only. The compounds and protocols discussed are intended for in= vitro and laboratory research use. 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