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[159.112.244.34]) by mx.google.com with UTF8SMTPS id 6a1803df08f44-8a5973e76d5si124611726d6.189.2026.04.04.18.43.15 for (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Sat, 04 Apr 2026 18:43:15 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of bounce+91e48a.63af5d-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d0.substack.com designates 159.112.244.34 as permitted sender) client-ip=159.112.244.34; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; dkim=pass header.i=@mg-d0.substack.com header.s=mailo header.b=mILbF4vO; dkim=pass header.i=@mailgun.org header.s=mg header.b=lKutY6D8; spf=pass (google.com: domain of bounce+91e48a.63af5d-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d0.substack.com designates 159.112.244.34 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom="bounce+91e48a.63af5d-tjphuhs=gmail.com@mg-d0.substack.com"; dmarc=pass (p=REJECT sp=REJECT dis=NONE) header.from=substack.com DKIM-Signature: a=rsa-sha256; v=1; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mg-d0.substack.com; q=dns/txt; s=mailo; t=1775353395; x=1775360595; h=List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: List-Archive: List-Owner: Reply-To: In-Reply-To: References: Sender: Sender: Date: Message-Id: To: To: From: From: Subject: Subject: Content-Type: Mime-Version: X-Feedback-Id; bh=jnEM83e4vG2A46vfhTcb5pM0aYXUbLBBs6gx4CSn5ck=; b=mILbF4vOQ5fvfb2XOFjHS8cE/m4pqJ7aOdLHq32Q/nv8DQ4Db1My26HdcHpNLbVWil8LRx6Aax03h87SzzfrWHmRsKAmTsMUDem8ugJzOaQYrGVNaMrgGs1ETwxe5gcarJk5WIlJKfNGexr/Rmo+VwaQYXJnY6P01oIN83fi/cs= DKIM-Signature: a=rsa-sha256; v=1; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mailgun.org; q=dns/txt; s=mg; t=1775353395; x=1775360595; h=List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Id: List-Archive: List-Owner: Reply-To: In-Reply-To: References: Sender: Sender: Date: Message-Id: To: To: From: From: Subject: Subject: Content-Type: Mime-Version: X-Feedback-Id; bh=jnEM83e4vG2A46vfhTcb5pM0aYXUbLBBs6gx4CSn5ck=; b=lKutY6D8eXu4IgnTBT9IueKE4lV9HQeta1PYrcFDCz7fb5snUiIVwRMEviAHzrM/XZfrOpzlG53/utWCqoCwcXfCbWDDf+1TOpeNYUkA0EEoS2a5SThIfI/azrAJohXSJl/R8t6C9v2Y8gfgLdMIox3/yDrEJ9HWWuoD2+wO6/M= X-Mailgun-Sid: WyJkZWU4NyIsInRqcGh1aHNAZ21haWwuY29tIiwiNjNhZjVkIl0= X-Feedback-Id: postmaster@mg-d0.substack.com:post:6148c7d8a45790427cda307f:mailgun Received: by 659ef588515e9bd97c632334959910a96a22b999bed838a0a8199a20ec78c693 with HTTP id 69d1be322c50a55f4d617d66; Sun, 05 Apr 2026 01:43:14 GMT X-Mailgun-Sending-Ip: 159.112.244.34 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="052d76164d595d266fe789a042cc6521e7c58714ce5a87822b881869de8c" Subject: =?UTF-8?q?A_New_MOTS-c_Study_Just_Dropped_=E2=80=94_Here's_What_It_Actual?= =?UTF-8?q?ly_Means?= From: Derek from Peptide Price To: tjphuhs@gmail.com X-Mailgun-Tag: post X-Mailgun-Track-Clicks: false Message-Id: <20260405014308.3.fdb17f5f72557fb9@mg-d0.substack.com> Date: Sun, 5 Apr 2026 01:43:08 +0000 Feedback-Id: post-193221063:cat-post:pub-3365367:substack Sender: Derek from Peptide Price References: In-Reply-To: Reply-To: Derek from Peptide Price List-Owner: List-Url: List-Archive: List-Id: List-Post: List-Unsubscribe: List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click X-Mailgun-Variables: {"category": "post", "email_generated_at": "1775353394711", "is_freemail": "true", "post_audience": "everyone", "post_id": "193221063", "post_type": "newsletter", "pub_community_enabled": "true", "publication_id": "3365367", "subdomain": "derekpruski", "user_id": "273622398"} --052d76164d595d266fe789a042cc6521e7c58714ce5a87822b881869de8c Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable View this post on the web at https://derekpruski.substack.com/p/a-new-mots-= c-study-just-dropped-heres A new peer-reviewed study on MOTS-c was published January 9th out of the Un= iversity of Copenhagen, and I=E2=80=99ve seen a little chatter about it onl= ine =E2=80=94 including Coach Cam touching on it on TikTok. I wanted to giv= e my own read on it for the community, broken down in a way that actually m= akes sense if you=E2=80=99re newer to this stuff. No fluff, just the resear= ch. For research purposes only. Not for human consumption First =E2=80=94 What Is MOTS-c? MOTS-c is a peptide, but it=E2=80=99s unique because it doesn=E2=80=99t com= e from your nuclear DNA like most peptides do. It=E2=80=99s encoded directl= y inside your mitochondria =E2=80=94 the structures inside your cells respo= nsible for producing energy (ATP). It=E2=80=99s a 16-amino acid signaling m= olecule that your body produces naturally, and levels of it rise during exe= rcise and decline with age. Think of it as a message your mitochondria send to the rest of the cell tha= t says: =E2=80=9Cwe need to run more efficiently.=E2=80=9D What Is This Study? The full title is =E2=80=9CMOTS-c improves intrinsic muscle mitochondrial b= ioenergetic health and efficiency in a PGC-1=CE=B1/AMPK-dependent manner.= =E2=80=9D Published in Free Radical Biology and Medicine, January 9, 2026. = University of Copenhagen researchers ran both mouse experiments and a human= exercise trial. Full study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41520850/ The Big Question They Were Trying to Answer Most MOTS-c research up to this point has focused on whole-body metabolic e= ffects =E2=80=94 things like insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and fat b= urning. What hasn=E2=80=99t been studied much is what MOTS-c is actually do= ing inside the mitochondria themselves. That=E2=80=99s what this study went= after. The Main Finding =E2=80=94 Efficiency, Not Volume Here=E2=80=99s the headline: MOTS-c improved mitochondrial bioenergetic per= formance without any apparent change in mitochondrial respiratory protein c= ontent, pointing to intrinsic mitochondrial changes rather than changes in = volume. When researchers talk about improving mitochondrial function, there are bas= ically two ways it can happen: More mitochondria =E2=80=94 your cells build new ones (this is called bioge= nesis) Better mitochondria =E2=80=94 the ones you already have run more efficientl= y A lot of content in the peptide space, including some vendor pages, has des= cribed MOTS-c as promoting biogenesis =E2=80=94 meaning it helps you grow m= ore mitochondria. This study says that=E2=80=99s not what=E2=80=99s primari= ly happening. MOTS-c is making your existing mitochondria work better. Same= number, higher output. Think of it like tuning an engine rather than addin= g more cylinders. How Does It Do That? The Two Pathways The researchers found that MOTS-c works through two specific proteins =E2= =80=94 PGC-1=CE=B1 and AMPK =E2=80=94 and both had to be present for the ef= fects to show up. That tells us MOTS-c isn=E2=80=99t just nudging one thing= , it=E2=80=99s coordinating a system. AMPK =E2=80=94 your cell=E2=80=99s energy sensor Activates when your cell is running low on energy Triggers efficiency responses: better glucose uptake, more fat burning, imp= roved mitochondrial function Exercise activates AMPK =E2=80=94 so does MOTS-c, but through a different u= pstream mechanism (which is why it=E2=80=99s sometimes called an =E2=80=9Ce= xercise mimetic=E2=80=9D) PGC-1=CE=B1 =E2=80=94 the master regulator of mitochondrial gene expression When active, it turns on the genes that control how well your mitochondria = operate Think of it as the manager telling the mitochondria how to do their job bet= ter MOTS-c augmented muscle mitochondrial bioenergetic performance through reli= ance on both PGC-1=CE=B1 and AMPK. Both pathways being required tells us th= e effect is coordinated, not a simple single-pathway response. The Oxidative Stress Finding Mitochondria produce energy, but as a byproduct they also produce reactive = oxygen species (ROS) =E2=80=94 essentially cellular waste that can damage p= roteins, DNA, and the mitochondria themselves over time. Too much ROS is on= e of the key drivers of cellular aging and inflammation. MOTS-c treatment lowered mitochondrial ROS emission and ROS-related protein= damage, indicating substantial alleviation of cellular oxidative stress. In plain terms: The mitochondria are running more efficiently AND producing less cellular waste in the process That combination is directly relevant to longevity and recovery research The RNA Data =E2=80=94 Why the Improvements Are Spread Out The researchers also ran RNA sequencing, which lets them see which genes ar= e being turned on or off. What they found is that MOTS-c doesn=E2=80=99t ma= ke one big dramatic change. Instead: The effects appear to be exerted subtly across a number of mitochondrial pa= rameters =E2=80=94 including redox handling, mitochondrial integrity, and O= XPHOS efficiency =E2=80=94 jointly indicating a mechanistic basis for the o= bserved functional improvements. Breaking those terms down: Redox handling =E2=80=94 how well the cell manages oxidative stress Mitochondrial integrity =E2=80=94 the structural health of the mitochondria= themselves OXPHOS efficiency =E2=80=94 how effectively mitochondria convert fuel into = usable energy (ATP) MOTS-c appears to be doing maintenance across all three simultaneously, rat= her than one dramatic intervention on a single system. The Human Data Finding =E2=80=94 A Nuance Worth Knowing This is the part that quietly challenges something you=E2=80=99ll still see= repeated in a lot of MOTS-c content online. For years, the assumption has been that skeletal muscle is the main source = of MOTS-c circulating in your blood during exercise. This study tested that= directly in humans and found: despite increased interstitial MOTS-c levels= , no change was observed in the arterio-venous difference during exercise, = suggesting that skeletal muscle may not be the source of circulating MOTS-c= in response to exercise. What that means practically: If skeletal muscle were pumping MOTS-c into the bloodstream during exercise= , the arterio-venous difference measurement would have caught it It didn=E2=80=99t So where does circulating MOTS-c come from during exercise? Possibly the li= ver, possibly other tissues =E2=80=94 that question is still open This doesn=E2=80=99t change the benefits observed, it just refines our unde= rstanding of the mechanism The Bottom Line MOTS-c doesn=E2=80=99t appear to work by building more mitochondria It makes your existing mitochondria operate with greater efficiency and hig= her energy output It simultaneously reduces oxidative stress (ROS) as a byproduct of that imp= roved efficiency It does this through coordinated activation of both AMPK and PGC-1=CE=B1 = =E2=80=94 not a single pathway The improvements are spread across multiple mitochondrial systems at once For an RS already training and eating well, this study supports MOTS-c rese= arch as a =E2=80=9Cget more out of what you have=E2=80=9D tool at the mitoc= hondrial level =E2=80=94 not a =E2=80=9Cbuild more=E2=80=9D tool. The ROS r= eduction finding adds another layer relevant to anyone researching cellular= aging and recovery. As always =E2=80=94 for research purposes only, not for human consumption. =E2=80=94 Derek Unsubscribe https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9kZXJla3BydXN= raS5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vYWN0aW9uL2Rpc2FibGVfZW1haWw_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSW= pveU56TTJNakl6T1Rnc0luQnZjM1JmYVdRaU9qRTVNekl5TVRBMk15d2lhV0YwSWpveE56YzFNe= lV6TXprMExDSmxlSEFpT2pFNE1EWTRPRGt6T1RRc0ltbHpjeUk2SW5CMVlpMHpNelkxTXpZM0lp= d2ljM1ZpSWpvaVpHbHpZV0pzWlY5bGJXRnBiQ0o5Lk5LRjlieFo4Q2cybXR5MklUcVZmN1EtRjV= NZTVDUkZGX1pfRENTM2VBMmsiLCJwIjoxOTMyMjEwNjMsInMiOjMzNjUzNjcsImYiOnRydWUsIn= UiOjI3MzYyMjM5OCwiaWF0IjoxNzc1MzUzMzk0LCJleHAiOjIwOTA5MjkzOTQsImlzcyI6InB1Y= i0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.BBHeo7QydTwrjBLu9GbUCkMXb3D7S9NNed7dmYp= INfU? --052d76164d595d266fe789a042cc6521e7c58714ce5a87822b881869de8c Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable = A New MOTS-c Study Just Dropped — Here's What It Actually Means</titl= e><style> @media (max-width: 1024px) { .typography 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(max-width: 750px) { .poll-embed .poll-anchor-target .poll-anchor-copy-button { left: 8px; top: 45px; } } @media not all and (min-resolution: 0.001dpcm) { @supports (-webkit-appearance: none) { p a:not(.primary.button), .post p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button), .footnote a.footnote-anchor:not(.primary.button), .thread-head .markup p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button) { color: #ff6719; text-decoration: none; } p a:not(.primary.button):hover, .post p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button):hover, .footnote a.footnote-anchor:not(.primary.button):hover, .thread-head .markup p:not(.button-wrapper) a:not(.primary.button):hove= r { text-decoration: underline; } } }</style></head><body class=3D"email-body" style=3D"font-kerning: auto;--im= age-offset-margin: -120px;"><img src=3D"https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/open?= token=3DeyJtIjoiPDIwMjYwNDA1MDE0MzA4LjMuZmRiMTdmNWY3MjU1N2ZiOUBtZy1kMC5zdWJ= zdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MjczNjIyMzk4LCJyIjoidGpwaHVoc0BnbWFpbC5jb20iLCJkIjoibW= ctZDAuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tIiwicCI6MTkzMjIxMDYzLCJ0IjoibmV3c2xldHRlciIsImEiOiJld= mVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjMzNjUzNjcsImMiOiJwb3N0IiwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJ0b3Ai= LCJpYXQiOjE3NzUzNTMzOTQsImV4cCI6MTc3Nzk0NTM5NCwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJ= lbyJ9.pOsPYBhw_02VMNoAnn0RoDpn9lZ1S3MEnAtQaVnPQSM" alt=3D"" width=3D"1" hei= ght=3D"1" border=3D"0" style=3D"height:1px !important;width:1px !important;= border-width:0 !important;margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !importan= t;margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;padding-top:0 !importa= nt;padding-bottom:0 !important;padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !i= mportant;"/><div class=3D"preview" style=3D"display:none;font-size:1px;colo= r:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:h= idden;">A new peer-reviewed study on MOTS-c was published January 9th out o= f the University of Copenhagen, and I’ve seen a little chatter about = it online — including Coach Cam touching on it on TikTok.</div><div c= lass=3D"preview" style=3D"display:none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-hei= ght:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;">͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ =     ­͏     ­͏     = 3;͏     ­͏     ­͏   = 199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &= nbsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏   ̳= 9; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nb= sp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&= #847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &nbs= p;   ­͏     ­͏     ­&#= 847;     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  =   ­͏     ­͏     ­T= 7;     ­͏     ­͏     &= #173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   =   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏= ;     ­͏     ­͏     &#= 173;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     = 73;͏     ­͏     ­͏   &#= 8199; ­͏     ­</div><table class=3D"email-body-co= ntainer" role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0= " 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;line-height: 36px;font-size: 32px;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/app-li= nk/post?publication_id=3D3365367&post_id=3D193221063&utm_source=3Dpost-emai= l-title&utm_campaign=3Demail-post-title&isFreemail=3Dtrue&r=3D4iwoe6&token= =3DeyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoyNzM2MjIzOTgsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5MzIyMTA2MywiaWF0IjoxNzc1MzUz= Mzk0LCJleHAiOjE3Nzc5NDUzOTQsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0zMzY1MzY3Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWF= jdGlvbiJ9.GDwGKHtsZXOe2wiKPwNNwKc8_HksxumKdwOBGnWVxK8" style=3D"color: rgb(= 54,55,55);text-decoration: none;">A New MOTS-c Study Just Dropped — H= ere's What It Actually Means</a></h1><table class=3D"post-meta" role=3D"pre= sentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" = style=3D"margin: 1em 0;height: 20px;align-items: center;"><tbody><tr><td><t= able role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" ce= llpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" = border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"ve= rtical-align:middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT = line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC = transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA custom-css-email-post-a= uthor" style=3D"list-style: none;font-size: 11px;line-height: 20px;text-dec= oration: unset;color: rgb(54,55,55);margin: 0;font-family: 'SF Compact',-ap= ple-system,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Hel= vetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symb= ol';font-weight: 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: .2px;"><a cl= ass=3D"pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT line-height-20-t4M0El font-me= ta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq re= set-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA" style=3D"list-style: none;color: rgb(54,55,55);marg= in: 0;font-size: 11px;line-height: 20px;font-family: 'SF Compact',-apple-sy= stem,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica= ,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';fo= nt-weight: 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: .2px;text-decorati= on: none" href=3D"https://substack.com/@peptideprice">Derek</a></div></td><= /tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D= "auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td styl= e=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset color-secondar= y-ls1g8s line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-mediu= m-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA" style=3D"list= -style: none;font-size: 11px;line-height: 20px;text-decoration: unset;color= : rgb(119,119,119);margin: 0;font-family: 'SF Compact',-apple-system,system= -ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans= -serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';font-weight: = 500;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: .2px;"><time datetime=3D"2026= -04-05T01:43:08.189Z">Apr 5</time></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr= ></tbody></table></td><td align=3D"right"><table role=3D"presentation" widt= h=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tbody><tr><td = style=3D"vertical-align:middle;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/@peptidepr= ice"><img class=3D"custom-css-email-avatar avatar-QIQ5yR" src=3D"https://su= bstackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!27SK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep= /https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff07= a8bac-9f53-43a0-af70-e96356c0f3f3_500x500.png" style=3D"box-sizing: border-= box;max-width: 550px;border: none;vertical-align: middle;width: 40px;height= : 40px;min-width: 40px;min-height: 40px;object-fit: cover;margin: 0px;displ= ay: inline;border-radius: 50%" width=3D"40" height=3D"40"></a></td></tr></t= body></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"email-ufi-2-top" rol= e=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddin= 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16px;line-height: 26px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-wi= dth: 0;min-height: 18px;"></div><span class=3D"email-button-text" style=3D"= vertical-align: middle;margin-right: 4px">READ IN APP</span><img class=3D"i= con text-icon" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ET-_!,w_36,c_= scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fi= con%2FLucideArrowUpRight%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%25= 23808080%26strokeWidth%3D2" width=3D"18" height=3D"18" style=3D"min-width: = 18px;min-height: 18px;border: none;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: 0;m= argin-left: 0;max-width: 18px" alt=3D""></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td>= </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr height=3D"16">= <td height=3D"16" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0;"> </td></tr></= tbody></table></div></div><div class=3D"post typography" dir=3D"auto" style= =3D"--image-offset-margin: -120px;padding: 32px 0 0 0;font-size: 16px;line-= height: 26px;"><div class=3D"body markup" dir=3D"auto" style=3D"text-align:= initial;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;width: 100%;word-break: break-wo= rd;margin-bottom: 16px;"><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55= );line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;margin-top: 0;">A new peer-reviewed stu= dy on MOTS-c was published January 9th out of the University of Copenhagen,= and I’ve seen a little chatter about it online — including Coa= ch Cam touching on it on TikTok. I wanted to give my own read on it for the= community, broken down in a way that actually makes sense if you’re = newer to this stuff. No fluff, just the research.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 = 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">For resea= rch purposes only. Not for human consumption</p><div class=3D"captioned-ima= ge-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;margin: 32p= x auto;"><figure style=3D"width: 100%;margin: 0 auto;"><table class=3D"imag= e-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" = data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1= =2E6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-a= lign: center;"></td><td class=3D"conte= nt" align=3D"left" width=3D"495" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"= image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/9646e38= 2-221e-416d-932c-83c8763a97f9?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNGl3b2U2In0.sVDxRtmZ85v8kfdamY0kr= RXGMy3p768BWtuZifRB-Zs" rel=3D"" style=3D"position: relative;flex-direction= : column;align-items: center;padding: 0;width: auto;height: auto;border: no= ne;text-decoration: none;display: block;margin: 0;"><img data-attrs=3D"{&qu= ot;src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/imag= es/796bfda8-3466-47ac-b89f-2abcd2756268_1024x1536.png","srcNoWate= rmark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,&qu= ot;height":1536,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":495,&qu= ot;bytes":2524683,"alt":null,"title":null,"ty= pe":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold&quo= t;:false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":"https= ://derekpruski.substack.com/i/193221063?img=3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-m= edia.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F796bfda8-3466-47ac-b89f-2abcd2756= 268_1024x1536.png","isProcessing":false,"align":nu= ll,"offset":false}" alt=3D"" width=3D"495" height=3D"742.5" src= =3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ak48!,w_495,c_limit,f_auto,q_au= to:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws= =2Ecom%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F796bfda8-346= 6-47ac-b89f-2abcd2756268_1024x1536.png= " style=3D"border: none !important;vertical-align: middle;display: block;-m= s-interpolation-mode: bicubic;height: auto;margin-bottom: 0;width: auto !im= portant;max-width: 100% !important;margin: 0 auto;"></a></td><td style=3D"t= ext-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div class=3D"= subscribe-widget is-signed-up" data-component-name=3D"SubscribeWidget" styl= e=3D"margin: 0 0 1em;direction: ltr;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><di= v class=3D"pencraft pc-reset button-wrapper" style=3D"text-decoration: unse= t;list-style: none;font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;text-align: center;cur= sor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;"><a class=3D"button subscribe-btn primary"= href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9kZXJla3BydXNraS= 5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc3Vic2NyaWJlP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9cG9zdCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1ha= WwtY2hlY2tvdXQmbmV4dD1odHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRmRlcmVrcHJ1c2tpLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSUy= RnAlMkZhLW5ldy1tb3RzLWMtc3R1ZHktanVzdC1kcm9wcGVkLWhlcmVzJnI9NGl3b2U2JnRva2V= uPWV5SjFjMlZ5WDJsa0lqb3lOek0yTWpJek9UZ3NJbWxoZENJNk1UYzNOVE0xTXpNNU5Dd2laWG= h3SWpveE56YzNPVFExTXprMExDSnBjM01pT2lKd2RXSXRNek0yTlRNMk55SXNJbk4xWWlJNkltT= m9aV05yYjNWMEluMC5yMVhCT28xOVd2NGpacWlMUjNoaDRMd2tCSGltX0pVQzg0U01YUzNieWFv= IiwicCI6MTkzMjIxMDYzLCJzIjozMzY1MzY3LCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoyNzM2MjIzOTgsImlhdCI= 6MTc3NTM1MzM5NCwiZXhwIjoyMDkwOTI5Mzk0LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6Imxpbmstcm= VkaXJlY3QifQ.idWrATUx7c5SpFe6V91TOXRNGUv5MyeTrARstc9iXBw?&utm_medium=3Demai= l&utm_source=3Dsubscribe-widget&utm_content=3D193221063" style=3D"font-fami= ly: system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,= Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';dis= play: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;cursor: pointer;border: none;bord= er-radius: 8px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 20px;font-weight: 600;text-alig= n: center;opacity: 1;outline: none;white-space: nowrap;text-decoration: non= e !important;margin: 0 auto;background-color: #FF6719;color: #ffffff !impor= tant;padding: 12px 20px;height: auto;"><span style=3D"color: #ffffff;text-d= ecoration: none;">Upgrade to paid</span></a></div></div><div style=3D"font-= size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;heigh= t: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0= 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>= First — What Is MOTS-c?</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;co= lor: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">MOTS-c is a peptide,= but it’s unique because it doesn’t come from your nuclear DNA = like most peptides do. It’s encoded directly inside your mitochondria= — the structures inside your cells responsible for producing energy = (ATP). It’s a 16-amino acid signaling molecule that your body produce= s naturally, and levels of it rise during exercise and decline with age.</p= ><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font= -size: 16px;">Think of it as a message your mitochondria send to the rest o= f the cell that says: “we need to run more efficiently.”</p><di= v style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;= padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p st= yle=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size:= 16px;"><strong>What Is This Study?</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20p= x 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span>The full= title is </span><em>“MOTS-c improves intrinsic muscle mitochondrial = bioenergetic health and efficiency in a PGC-1α/AMPK-dependent manner.&= #8221;</em><span> Published in </span><em>Free Radical Biology and Medicine= </em><span>, January 9, 2026. University of Copenhagen researchers ran both= mouse experiments and a human exercise trial.</span></p><p style=3D"margin= : 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Full = study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41520850/</p><div style=3D"font-size= : 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1= px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 2= 0px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>The = Big Question They Were Trying to Answer</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0= 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><span>Most= MOTS-c research up to this point has focused on whole-body metabolic effec= ts — things like insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and fat burning= =2E What hasn’t been studied much= is what MOTS-c is actually doing </sp= an><em>inside</em><span> the mitochondria themselves. That’s what thi= s study went after.</span></p><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26= px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0= ,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55= ,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>The Main Finding — E= fficiency, Not Volume</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb= (54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Here’s the headline: M= OTS-c improved mitochondrial bioenergetic performance without any apparent = change in mitochondrial respiratory protein content, pointing to intrinsic = mitochondrial changes rather than changes in volume.</p><p style=3D"margin:= 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">When r= esearchers talk about improving mitochondrial function, there are basically= two ways it can happen:</p><ul style=3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li sty= le=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: = rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;pad= ding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;"><strong>More mitochondria</stron= g><span> — your cells build new ones (this is called biogenesis)</spa= n></p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><= p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizi= ng: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;"><strong>Better= mitochondria</strong><span> — the ones you already have run more eff= iciently</span></p></li></ul><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,5= 5,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">A lot of content in the peptide s= pace, including some vendor pages, has described MOTS-c as promoting biogen= esis — meaning it helps you grow more mitochondria. This study says t= hat’s not what’s primarily happening. MOTS-c is making your exi= sting mitochondria work better. Same number, higher output. Think of it lik= e tuning an engine rather than adding more cylinders.</p><div style=3D"font= -size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;heig= ht: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: = 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong= >How Does It Do That? The Two Pathways</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 = 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The researc= hers found that MOTS-c works through two specific proteins — PGC-1 = 45; and AMPK — and both had to be present for the effects to show up.= That tells us MOTS-c isn’t just nudging one thing, it’s coordi= nating a system.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);lin= e-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>AMPK — your cell’s ene= rgy sensor</strong></p><ul style=3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D= "margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(5= 4,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-= left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">Activates when your cell is running l= ow on energy</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: = bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: = 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">Trig= gers efficiency responses: better glucose uptake, more fat burning, improve= d mitochondrial function</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-spec= ial-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;mar= gin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;marg= in: 0;">Exercise activates AMPK — so does MOTS-c, but through a diffe= rent upstream mechanism (which is why it’s sometimes called an “= ;exercise mimetic”)</p></li></ul><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color= : rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>PGC-1α = 212; the master regulator of mitochondrial gene expression</strong></p><ul = style=3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-s= pecial-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;= margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;m= argin: 0;">When active, it turns on the genes that control how well your mi= tochondria operate</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-fo= rmat: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bo= ttom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;= ">Think of it as the manager telling the mitochondria how to do their job b= etter</p></li></ul><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line= -height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">MOTS-c augmented muscle mitochondrial bioen= ergetic performance through reliance on both PGC-1α and AMPK. Both pat= hways being required tells us the effect is coordinated, not a simple singl= e-pathway response.</p><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><h= r style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);= border: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);li= ne-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>The Oxidative Stress Finding</str= ong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26= px;font-size: 16px;">Mitochondria produce energy, but as a byproduct they a= lso produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) — essentially cellular wast= e that can damage proteins, DNA, and the mitochondria themselves over time.= Too much ROS is one of the key drivers of cellular aging and inflammation.= </p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;f= ont-size: 16px;">MOTS-c treatment lowered mitochondrial ROS emission and RO= S-related protein damage, indicating substantial alleviation of cellular ox= idative stress.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line= -height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">In plain terms:</p><ul style=3D"margin-top:= 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bulle= t;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box= -sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">The mitoc= hondria are running more efficiently</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 3= 2px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-heig= ht: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-siz= e: 16px;margin: 0;">AND producing less cellular waste in the process</p></l= i><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style= =3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: bor= der-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">That combination is d= irectly relevant to longevity and recovery research</p></li></ul><div style= =3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding= : 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border: none;"></div><p style=3D"= margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;"= ><strong>The RNA Data — Why the Improvements Are Spread Out</strong><= /p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;fo= nt-size: 16px;">The researchers also ran RNA sequencing, which lets them se= e which genes are being turned on or off. What they found is that MOTS-c do= esn’t make one big dramatic change. Instead:</p><p style=3D"margin: 0= 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">The effe= cts appear to be exerted subtly across a number of mitochondrial parameters= — including redox handling, mitochondrial integrity, and OXPHOS effi= ciency — jointly indicating a mechanistic basis for the observed func= tional improvements.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55)= ;line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">Breaking those terms down:</p><ul styl= e=3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-speci= al-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;marg= in-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margi= n: 0;"><strong>Redox handling</strong><span> — how well the cell mana= ges oxidative stress</span></p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-s= pecial-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;= margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;m= argin: 0;"><strong>Mitochondrial integrity</strong><span> — the struc= tural health of the mitochondria themselves</span></p></li><li style=3D"mar= gin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55= ,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left= : 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;"><strong>OXPHOS efficiency</strong><span> = — how effectively mitochondria convert fuel into usable energy (ATP)<= /span></p></li></ul><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);lin= e-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">MOTS-c appears to be doing maintenance acr= oss all three simultaneously, rather than one dramatic intervention on a si= ngle system.</p><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr style= =3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);border:= none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-heig= ht: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>The Human Data Finding — A Nuance = Worth Knowing</strong></p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,5= 5);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">This is the part that quietly challe= nges something you’ll still see repeated in a lot of MOTS-c content o= nline.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: = 26px;font-size: 16px;">For years, the assumption has been that skeletal mus= cle is the main source of MOTS-c circulating in your blood during exercise.= This study tested that directly in humans and found: despite increased int= erstitial MOTS-c levels, no change was observed in the arterio-venous diffe= rence during exercise, suggesting that skeletal muscle may not be the sourc= e of circulating MOTS-c in response to exercise.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0= 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">What that = means practically:</p><ul style=3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D"= margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54= ,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-l= eft: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">If skeletal muscle were pumping MOTS-c= into the bloodstream during exercise, the arterio-venous difference measur= ement would have caught it</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-sp= ecial-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;m= argin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;ma= rgin: 0;">It didn’t</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-spe= cial-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;ma= rgin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;mar= gin: 0;">So where does circulating MOTS-c come from during exercise? Possib= ly the liver, possibly other tissues — that question is still open</p= ></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p sty= le=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: b= order-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">This doesn’t = change the benefits observed, it just refines our understanding of the mech= anism</p></li></ul><div style=3D"font-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"><hr st= yle=3D"margin: 32px 0;padding: 0;height: 1px;background: rgb(0,0,0,.1);bord= er: none;"></div><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-h= eight: 26px;font-size: 16px;"><strong>The Bottom Line</strong></p><ul style= =3D"margin-top: 0;padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-specia= l-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margi= n-bottom: 0;box-sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin= : 0;">MOTS-c doesn’t appear to work by building more mitochondria</p>= </li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p styl= e=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: bo= rder-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">It makes your existi= ng mitochondria operate with greater efficiency and higher energy output</p= ></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p sty= le=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: b= order-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">It simultaneously r= educes oxidative stress (ROS) as a byproduct of that improved efficiency</p= ></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bullet;"><p sty= le=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box-sizing: b= order-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">It does this throug= h coordinated activation of both AMPK and PGC-1α — not a single = pathway</p></li><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px;mso-special-format: bulle= t;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;box= -sizing: border-box;padding-left: 4px;font-size: 16px;margin: 0;">The impro= vements are spread across multiple mitochondrial systems at once</p></li></= ul><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;fo= nt-size: 16px;">For an RS already training and eating well, this study supp= orts MOTS-c research as a “get more out of what you have” tool = at the mitochondrial level — not a “build more” tool. The= ROS reduction finding adds another layer relevant to anyone researching ce= llular aging and recovery.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;color: rgb(54,= 55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">As always — for research p= urposes only, not for human consumption.</p><p style=3D"margin: 0 0 20px 0;= color: rgb(54,55,55);line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;">— Derek</p><= div class=3D"subscribe-widget is-signed-up" data-component-name=3D"Subscrib= eWidget" style=3D"margin: 0 0 1em;direction: ltr;font-size: 16px;line-heigh= t: 26px;margin-bottom: 0;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset button-wrapper" = style=3D"text-decoration: unset;list-style: none;font-size: 16px;line-heigh= t: 26px;text-align: center;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;"><a class=3D= "button subscribe-btn primary" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJl= IjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9kZXJla3BydXNraS5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc3Vic2NyaWJlP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U= 9cG9zdCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtY2hlY2tvdXQmbmV4dD1odHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRmRlcm= VrcHJ1c2tpLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbSUyRnAlMkZhLW5ldy1tb3RzLWMtc3R1ZHktanVzdC1kcm9wc= GVkLWhlcmVzJnI9NGl3b2U2JnRva2VuPWV5SjFjMlZ5WDJsa0lqb3lOek0yTWpJek9UZ3NJbWxo= ZENJNk1UYzNOVE0xTXpNNU5Dd2laWGh3SWpveE56YzNPVFExTXprMExDSnBjM01pT2lKd2RXSXR= Nek0yTlRNMk55SXNJbk4xWWlJNkltTm9aV05yYjNWMEluMC5yMVhCT28xOVd2NGpacWlMUjNoaD= RMd2tCSGltX0pVQzg0U01YUzNieWFvIiwicCI6MTkzMjIxMDYzLCJzIjozMzY1MzY3LCJmIjp0c= nVlLCJ1IjoyNzM2MjIzOTgsImlhdCI6MTc3NTM1MzM5NCwiZXhwIjoyMDkwOTI5Mzk0LCJpc3Mi= OiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.idWrATUx7c5SpFe6V91TOXRNGUv5MyeT= rARstc9iXBw?&utm_medium=3Demail&utm_source=3Dsubscribe-widget&utm_content= =3D193221063" style=3D"font-family: system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemF= ont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,'Apple Color Emoji','Segoe= UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol';display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;c= ursor: pointer;border: none;border-radius: 8px;font-size: 14px;line-height:= 20px;font-weight: 600;text-align: center;opacity: 1;outline: none;white-sp= ace: nowrap;text-decoration: none !important;margin: 0 auto;background-colo= r: #FF6719;color: #ffffff !important;padding: 12px 20px;height: auto;"><spa= n style=3D"color: #ffffff;text-decoration: none;">Upgrade to paid</span></a= ></div></div></div></div><div class=3D"container-border" style=3D"margin: 3= 2px 0 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6;fo= nt-size: 16px;line-height: 26px;"></div><div class=3D"post-cta typography m= arkup" style=3D"--image-offset-margin: -120px;text-align: initial;word-brea= k: break-word;margin-bottom: 32px;margin: 32px 0;font-size: 16px;line-heigh= t: 26px;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54,55,55);margin: 0 auto 20px;text-align: = center;width: 90%;line-height: 26px;font-size: 16px;margin-top: 0;"><span c= lass=3D"pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ" translated=3D"" style=3D"list-style= : none;color: unset;text-decoration: unset;margin: 0;">You're currently a f= ree subscriber to <a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/55e74f77-b707-4a= 78-be28-60a8b391173e?j=3DeyJ1IjoiNGl3b2U2In0.sVDxRtmZ85v8kfdamY0krRXGMy3p76= 8BWtuZifRB-Zs" style=3D"color: #ff6719;text-decoration: none;">Peptide Pric= e</a>. 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