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Happy Monday! =0A=0AI recently [read a very large study published in ](http=
s://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj-2025-086886)_[The BMJ](https://www.bmj.com/=
content/392/bmj-2025-086886)_ that provided the strongest signal yet that s=
omething tangible may be happening in the brain on GLP-1s. =0A=0AThe study =
analyzed health records from more than 600,000 U.S. veterans with type 2 di=
abetes to examine whether GLP-1 drugs influenced addiction risk and addicti=
on outcomes.=C2=A0=0A=0AThe findings were surprising.=0A=0AAnd they help ex=
plain why so many people report that the urge to chase rewards changes when=
 they start these drugs.=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=0A=0A**The Largest Human S=
tudy Yet**=0A=0AThe BMJ study followed 606,434 patients in the Veterans Aff=
airs health system who were being treated for diabetes. Researchers compare=
d people taking GLP-1 receptor agonists with patients SGLT2 inhibitors (lik=
e Jardiance).=C2=A0=0A=0AThey tracked whether patients developed substance =
use disorders related to alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, nicotine, and opioids.=
=0A=0AThey also looked at outcomes in patients who already had substance us=
e disorders.=0A=0AWhat did they find?=0A=0APeople taking GLP-1 drugs had a =
14 percent lower risk of developing a substance use disorder overall compar=
ed with the other medication group.=C2=A0=0A=0AWhen broken down by substanc=
e, the reductions looked like this:=0A=0A* Alcohol disorders reduced by 18%=
=0A=0A* Cannabis disorders reduced by 14%=0A=0A* Cocaine disorders reduced =
by 20%=0A=0A* Nicotine disorders reduced by 20%=0A=0A* Opioid disorders red=
uced by 25%=0A=0AThese findings suggest that GLP-1 drugs may be interacting=
 with the biological systems that drive craving itself.=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=0A=0A**What Happened to People Who Already Had Addiction**=0A=0AThe =
study also looked at patients who already had substance use disorders befor=
e starting a GLP-1 drug.=0A=0AThis part of the analysis might be even more =
interesting.=0A=0AAmong these individuals, starting a GLP-1 medication was =
associated with significant reductions in severe addiction related outcomes=
.=0A=0AOver the three year follow up period the data showed:=0A=0A* 31% few=
er emergency department visits=0A=0A* 26% fewer hospitalizations=0A=0A* 39%=
 fewer overdoses=0A=0A* 50% lower risk of death related to substance use=C2=
=A0=0A=0AWhen researchers looked at the population level, they estimated th=
at GLP-1 drugs prevented about=C2=A0**seven new substance use disorders and=
 twelve serious addiction-related events per 1,000 users**=C2=A0during the =
study period.=C2=A0=0A=0AIn addiction medicine, it is rare to see a single =
intervention associated with improvements across multiple substances at the=
 same time!=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=0A=0A**What=E2=80=99s Going on in the =
Brain**=0A=0ATo understand why these drugs might influence addiction, we ha=
ve to look at where GLP-1 receptors exist in the body.=0A=0AMost people thi=
nk of GLP-1 as a gut hormone.=0A=0AIt is released after eating and helps re=
gulate blood sugar, insulin secretion, and satiety.=0A=0AHowever, GLP-1 rec=
eptors are also found in several brain regions involved in reward processin=
g.=0A=0AThese regions include parts of the mesolimbic system, which is heav=
ily involved in motivation and dopamine signaling.=0A=0AAddictive substance=
s such as alcohol, nicotine, and opioids stimulate this same reward pathway=
.=0A=0AResearchers believe that activating the GLP-1 receptor may dampen th=
e intensity of reward signals in these circuits.=C2=A0=0A=0AWhen that signa=
l becomes weaker, the brain experiences less reinforcement from addictive s=
ubstances.=0A=0AIn practical terms, this may translate into fewer cravings =
or less compulsion around the behavior.=0A=0ASome researchers have describe=
d this effect as quieting the craving signal that drives addiction across d=
ifferent substances.=C2=A0=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=0A=0A**Why the Effect S=
hows Up Across Many Different Substances**=0A=0AOne of the most interesting=
 findings in the study was the breadth of the effect.=0A=0AThe reductions a=
ppeared across alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids.=0A=0AIn a=
ddiction medicine, treatments usually target one specific substance. Nicoti=
ne patches help with smoking. Medications like buprenorphine help with opio=
id addiction. There are very few treatments that appear to influence multip=
le addictions at once.=0A=0AThe reason GLP-1 drugs might affect several sub=
stances is that they may act on the **craving pathway itself rather than th=
e substance**.=0A=0AAddictive substances activate the same reward circuits =
in the brain. They stimulate dopamine release in areas that reinforce behav=
ior.=0A=0AIf GLP-1 signaling reduces activity in this pathway, the brain ma=
y experience a weaker drive toward many different rewarding stimuli.=0A=0AT=
his could explain why people taking these drugs often describe a broader sh=
ift in behavior.=0A=0AFood cravings drop. Alcohol cravings soften. Other co=
mpulsive behaviors sometimes change as well.=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=0A=0A=
**Important Limitations **=0A=0AEven though this study is very large, it is=
 important to understand what it does and does not prove.=0A=0AThe research=
 is observational.=0A=0AThat means it identifies associations between GLP-1=
 drugs and addiction outcomes. It does not prove that the drugs directly ca=
used the reduction in addiction risk.=C2=A0=0A=0AThe study population also =
consisted mostly of older male veterans with type 2 diabetes.=0A=0AThat pop=
ulation may not perfectly represent the broader public.=0A=0AResearchers al=
so cannot fully account for differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status,=
 or other factors that might influence addiction risk.=0A=0ADespite these l=
imitations, the study used a rigorous analysis design, and the results rema=
ined consistent across multiple tests.=C2=A0=0A=0AFor now, the findings pro=
vide a strong signal that deserves further investigation through randomized=
 clinical trials.=0A=0ASeveral groups are already planning studies to test =
GLP-1 drugs directly as addiction treatments.=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=0A=0A=
**My Perspective**=0A=0AFor years, people taking GLP-1 peptides have report=
ed that the noise around food becomes quieter.=0A=0AThis study suggests som=
ething broader may be happening.=0A=0AThe same signal that quiets food crav=
ings may also reduce the brain=E2=80=99s drive toward other rewarding subst=
ances.=0A=0AIf that effect proves true in future trials, it could reshape h=
ow we think about addiction treatment.=0A=0AAddiction medicine has struggle=
d for decades to find medications that influence the core biology of cravin=
g across multiple substances.=0A=0AGLP-1 signaling may represent a new path=
way worth exploring.=0A=0ASometimes the most interesting discoveries in med=
icine start as an unexpected side effect.=0A=0AThis may turn out to be one =
of those moments!=0A=0ABest,=0A=0AHunter Williams=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=
=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=
=0A=0A**Further Reading**=0A=0ABMJ cohort study on GLP-1 drugs and substanc=
e use disorders:=0A=0A[https://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj-2025-086886](htt=
ps://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj-2025-086886)=0A=0AWashU Medicine summary o=
f the study:=0A=0A[https://medicine.washu.edu/news/glp-1-medications-get-at=
-the-heart-of-addiction-study/](https://medicine.washu.edu/news/glp-1-medic=
ations-get-at-the-heart-of-addiction-study/)=0A=0A=0A=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=
=80=94=0A=0AYou are reading a plain text version of this post. For the best=
 experience, copy and paste this link in your browser to view the post onli=
ne:=0Ahttps://huntershealthhacks.beehiiv.com/p/glp-1s-vs-addiction
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=3D"content-blocks"><td class=3D"email-card-body" align=3D"center" valign=
=3D"top" style=3D"padding-bottom:px;"><table role=3D"none" width=3D"100%" b=
order=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td cl=
ass=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-br=
eak:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:1.5rem;">Happy Monday! </span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" al=
ign=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-wor=
d;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5re=
m;">I recently </span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" h=
ref=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/QEU08bLRomXqMdsmkdeVYlhDWBrbppBjB=
dPPubKZE484ppNBhRQR6O38sTqx%0A14GKVCIL5l7lgevgpbSp11NGkptdbLc6NbmAqNTH2gCqK=
2KYX6o40jnA7gZa%0AVrLhu%2FYj77HIPoq182uYAYX5wejLHvXR%2B6EvmAhwIZ1UuEg%2BrqU=
%3D%0A/1fc9fb1f8737ae34" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofol=
low"><span>read a very large study published in </span></a></span><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><i><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.bee=
hiiv.com/v1/c/k6H1iBOmnTi9cz0jWBGLPWuX6k7ZtGsyUccESXJ8FQR7K7LLMPejkDSii6ul%=
0A1tcl9fUpqD462MLaw3VnBkvN11WyW%2FeK156L3gCSrQ038G7IHhWHeRJUcAU1%0A92yS%2FE=
RCZa5H9GFkyzAdivyBvPaZadT72oEiLRWDoGB3dzb1Hk8%3D%0A/a53131d24cee383e" targe=
t=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The BMJ</span></a><=
/i></span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"> that provided the strongest si=
gnal yet that something tangible may be happening in the brain on GLP-1s. <=
/span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0p=
x 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-=
alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The study analyzed health re=
cords from more than 600,000 U.S. veterans with type 2 diabetes to examine =
whether GLP-1 drugs influenced addiction risk and addiction outcomes.=C2=A0=
</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0=
px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height=
-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The findings were surprisin=
g.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding=
:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-heig=
ht-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">And they help explain why=
 so many people report that the urge to chase rewards changes when they sta=
rt these drugs.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top"=
 style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0px;padding:30px 0px 30px;" class=3D"dd=
"><table class=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D"50%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=
=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></table=
></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;te=
xt-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0=
%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>The Largest Human Study Yet</b></s=
pan></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px =
15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-al=
t:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The BMJ study followed 606,434=
 patients in the Veterans Affairs health system who were being treated for =
diabetes. Researchers compared people taking GLP-1 receptor agonists with p=
atients SGLT2 inhibitors (like Jardiance).=C2=A0</span></p></td></tr><tr><t=
d class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;wor=
d-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">They tracked whether patients developed substance us=
e disorders related to alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, nicotine, and opioids.</=
span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px=
 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-a=
lt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">They also looked at outcomes =
in patients who already had substance use disorders.</span></p></td></tr><t=
r><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left=
;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">What did they find?</span></p></td></tr><tr><td cl=
ass=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-br=
eak:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:1.5rem;">People taking GLP-1 drugs had a 14 percent lower risk of d=
eveloping a substance use disorder overall compared with the other medicati=
on group.=C2=A0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" sty=
le=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"=
mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">When broken =
down by substance, the reductions looked like this:</span></p></td></tr><tr=
><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding-right:27px;padd=
ing-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;" class=3D"edm_ou=
tlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:disc;margin-bott=
om:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li=
 class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0=
px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;=
">Alcohol disorders reduced by 18%</span></p></li><li class=3D"listItem ult=
ext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;wor=
d-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Cannabis disorders r=
educed by 14%</span></p></li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-=
line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;">=
<span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Cocaine disorders reduced by 20%</span></=
p></li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%=
;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:1.5rem;">Nicotine disorders reduced by 20%</span></p></li><li class=3D"l=
istItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-ali=
gn:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Opioid di=
sorders reduced by 25%</span></p></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class=3D=
"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:br=
eak-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-siz=
e:1.5rem;">These findings suggest that GLP-1 drugs may be interacting with =
the biological systems that drive craving itself.</span></p></td></tr><tr><=
td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0px;p=
adding:30px 0px 30px;" class=3D"dd"><table class=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=
=3D"50%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center">=
<tr><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"l=
eft" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p s=
tyle=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>W=
hat Happened to People Who Already Had Addiction</b></span></p></td></tr><t=
r><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left=
;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The study also looked at patients who already had =
substance use disorders before starting a GLP-1 drug.</span></p></td></tr><=
tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:lef=
t;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">This part of the analysis might be even more inte=
resting.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"p=
adding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-lin=
e-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Among these individ=
uals, starting a GLP-1 medication was associated with significant reduction=
s in severe addiction related outcomes.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=
=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break=
:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-=
size:1.5rem;">Over the three year follow up period the data showed:</span><=
/p></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding=
-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;"=
 class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:=
disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0=
px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:=
150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:1.5rem;">31% fewer emergency department visits</span></p></li><li =
class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0p=
x;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"=
>26% fewer hospitalizations</span></p></li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p=
 style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break=
:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">39% fewer overdoses</span><=
/p></li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0=
%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-s=
ize:1.5rem;">50% lower risk of death related to substance use=C2=A0</span><=
/p></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"p=
adding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-lin=
e-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">When researchers lo=
oked at the population level, they estimated that GLP-1 drugs prevented abo=
ut=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>seven new substance use=
 disorders and twelve serious addiction-related events per 1,000 users</b><=
/span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=C2=A0during the study period.=C2=
=A0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"paddin=
g:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-hei=
ght-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">In addiction medicine, i=
t is rare to see a single intervention associated with improvements across =
multiple substances at the same time!</span></p></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"=
center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0px;padding:30px =
0px 30px;" class=3D"dd"><table class=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D"50%" bord=
er=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td> &nbs=
p; </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D=
"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-l=
ine-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>What=E2=80=99s=
 Going on in the Brain</b></span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=
=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"=
><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"=
>To understand why these drugs might influence addiction, we have to look a=
t where GLP-1 receptors exist in the body.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td clas=
s=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-brea=
k:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font=
-size:1.5rem;">Most people think of GLP-1 as a gut hormone.</span></p></td>=
</tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-ali=
gn:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">It is released after eating and helps regul=
ate blood sugar, insulin secretion, and satiety.</span></p></td></tr><tr><t=
d class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;wor=
d-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">However, GLP-1 receptors are also found in several b=
rain regions involved in reward processing.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td cla=
ss=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-bre=
ak:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"fon=
t-size:1.5rem;">These regions include parts of the mesolimbic system, which=
 is heavily involved in motivation and dopamine signaling.</span></p></td><=
/tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-alig=
n:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><sp=
an style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Addictive substances such as alcohol, nicoti=
ne, and opioids stimulate this same reward pathway.</span></p></td></tr><tr=
><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;=
word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span styl=
e=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Researchers believe that activating the GLP-1 recep=
tor may dampen the intensity of reward signals in these circuits.=C2=A0</sp=
an></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 1=
5px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt=
:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">When that signal becomes weaker=
, the brain experiences less reinforcement from addictive substances.</span=
></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15p=
x;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:1=
50.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">In practical terms, this may tran=
slate into fewer cravings or less compulsion around the behavior.</span></p=
></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;te=
xt-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0=
%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Some researchers have described this =
effect as quieting the craving signal that drives addiction across differen=
t substances.=C2=A0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"=
top" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0px;padding:30px 0px 30px;" class=
=3D"dd"><table class=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D"50%" border=3D"0" cellspa=
cing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></t=
able></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15p=
x;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:1=
50.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>Why the Effect Shows Up Across=
 Many Different Substances</b></span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" ali=
gn=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word=
;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem=
;">One of the most interesting findings in the study was the breadth of the=
 effect.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"p=
adding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-lin=
e-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The reductions appe=
ared across alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids.</span></p></=
td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-=
align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"=
><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">In addiction medicine, treatments usuall=
y target one specific substance. Nicotine patches help with smoking. Medica=
tions like buprenorphine help with opioid addiction. There are very few tre=
atments that appear to influence multiple addictions at once.</span></p></t=
d></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-a=
lign:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;">=
<span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The reason GLP-1 drugs might affect sever=
al substances is that they may act on the </span><span style=3D"font-size:1=
.5rem;"><b>craving pathway itself rather than the substance</b></span><span=
 style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" ali=
gn=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word=
;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem=
;">Addictive substances activate the same reward circuits in the brain. The=
y stimulate dopamine release in areas that reinforce behavior.</span></p></=
td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-=
align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"=
><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">If GLP-1 signaling reduces activity in t=
his pathway, the brain may experience a weaker drive toward many different =
rewarding stimuli.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" =
style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=
=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">This cou=
ld explain why people taking these drugs often describe a broader shift in =
behavior.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"=
padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-li=
ne-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Food cravings drop=
. Alcohol cravings soften. Other compulsive behaviors sometimes change as w=
ell.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"f=
ont-size:0px;line-height:0px;padding:30px 0px 30px;" class=3D"dd"><table cl=
ass=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D"50%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpa=
dding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></table></td></tr><t=
r><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left=
;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>Important Limitations </b></span></p></td></tr>=
<tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:le=
ft;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Even though this study is very large, it is impo=
rtant to understand what it does and does not prove.</span></p></td></tr><t=
r><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left=
;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The research is observational.</span></p></td></tr=
><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:l=
eft;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">That means it identifies associations between G=
LP-1 drugs and addiction outcomes. It does not prove that the drugs directl=
y caused the reduction in addiction risk.=C2=A0</span></p></td></tr><tr><td=
 class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word=
-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D=
"font-size:1.5rem;">The study population also consisted mostly of older mal=
e veterans with type 2 diabetes.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" a=
lign=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-wo=
rd;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5r=
em;">That population may not perfectly represent the broader public.</span>=
</p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px=
;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:15=
0.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Researchers also cannot fully acco=
unt for differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status, or other factors th=
at might influence addiction risk.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd"=
 align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-=
word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.=
5rem;">Despite these limitations, the study used a rigorous analysis design=
, and the results remained consistent across multiple tests.=C2=A0</span></=
p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;t=
ext-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.=
0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">For now, the findings provide a stro=
ng signal that deserves further investigation through randomized clinical t=
rials.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"pad=
ding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-=
height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Several groups are al=
ready planning studies to test GLP-1 drugs directly as addiction treatments=
.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"font=
-size:0px;line-height:0px;padding:30px 0px 30px;" class=3D"dd"><table class=
=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D"50%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
ng=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><=
td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;wo=
rd-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>My Perspective</b></span></p></td></tr><tr><td cl=
ass=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-br=
eak:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:1.5rem;">For years, people taking GLP-1 peptides have reported that=
 the noise around food becomes quieter.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=
=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break=
:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-=
size:1.5rem;">This study suggests something broader may be happening.</span=
></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15p=
x;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:1=
50.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">The same signal that quiets food =
cravings may also reduce the brain=E2=80=99s drive toward other rewarding s=
ubstances.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D=
"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-l=
ine-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">If that effect pr=
oves true in future trials, it could reshape how we think about addiction t=
reatment.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"=
padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-li=
ne-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Addiction medicine=
 has struggled for decades to find medications that influence the core biol=
ogy of craving across multiple substances.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td clas=
s=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-brea=
k:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font=
-size:1.5rem;">GLP-1 signaling may represent a new pathway worth exploring.=
</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0=
px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height=
-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Sometimes the most interest=
ing discoveries in medicine start as an unexpected side effect.</span></p><=
/td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text=
-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;=
"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">This may turn out to be one of those mo=
ments!</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"pad=
ding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-=
height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Best,</span></p></td>=
</tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-ali=
gn:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Hunter Williams</span></p></td></tr><tr><td=
 align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"font-size:0px;line-height:0px;pad=
ding:30px 0px 30px;" class=3D"dd"><table class=3D"j" role=3D"none" width=3D=
"50%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr=
><td> &nbsp; </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left=
" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p styl=
e=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><b>Furt=
her Reading</b></span></p></td></tr><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" sty=
le=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"=
mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">BMJ cohort s=
tudy on GLP-1 drugs and substance use disorders:</span></p></td></tr><tr><t=
d class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;wor=
d-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.=
com/v1/c/7Td3RHiF%2FJL9iG65PGp0sLk5%2BqM05bIUJf8S%2FdPCtCZcJJFBEjiILgaQbS9m=
%0AYevHvNSvolWHg%2Fw2W0KYwcvygJ07zT3rmavP52vwNCIkVnXI%2F%2FF%2By0ry3WAL%0AK=
qkiO%2ByFyEXLhJhESqn9vNunLclOn98AWY0YD1sBfuSswgo1rxw%3D%0A/b3150b867e2586cd=
" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>https://www.=
bmj.com/content/392/bmj-2025-086886</span></a></span></p></td></tr><tr><td =
class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;word-=
break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span style=3D"=
font-size:1.5rem;">WashU Medicine summary of the study:</span></p></td></tr=
><tr><td class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" style=3D"padding:0px 15px;text-align:l=
eft;word-break:break-word;"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.bee=
hiiv.com/v1/c/VJW9W1WO%2BlSwE8dIH2QL%2B8UBbnQS%2BM1yaVCVNuj9zOrT%2F9ej6u9yJ=
FXg6bqn%0AwOCW7azPcXYgwdhGRc8pfyE4SpTdqUNMCsTmkgiF%2BJvqUWrYASAE6hxE7apZ%0A=
Vs1kSdJoy3DopWdMuoQ%2FoMCCAJ3jrW%2B9kfOVXd%2FHNdUFjhj%2FpSs%3D%0A/d08224210=
b535272" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>https=
://medicine.washu.edu/news/glp-1-medications-get-at-the-heart-of-addiction-=
study/</span></a></span></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><=
tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top"><table role=3D"none" width=3D"100%" =
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-radius:10px;"><table role=3D"none" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=
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an></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" styl=
e=3D"padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-top:2=
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ow-you-can-work-wi" class=3D"dd" align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"c=
olor:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;padding:0px 15px;text-align:center;"><h2 st=
yle=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Want more? Here=E2=80=99s how you can work with=
 me:</span></h2></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"join-my-private-coaching-group-the-=
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ont-weight:normal;mso-line-height-alt:112.5%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5=
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0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-=
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-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.=
com/v1/c/vtLHOGtES2LBSlJjj0mc%2Fw8qN9EbMwcmmhk6kJLSRyL%2B3UXwnydkPq2uiu85%0=
As%2Blwqlv4Xf%2FykWWy9TDZEnQmYXn%2F1AELHb62jLvOQ6cQtvpzO%2F3g7VT0XnDt%0AMNt=
T8lnTkpvgb%2FOojZzVVlUIoK4jqwI9FS53brZ2qZXa%2F72qXXw%3D%0A/bdc8bfe82bc509f7=
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llective</span></a></span></p></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"try-z=
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"><h4 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;mso-line-height-alt:112.5%;=
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g:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5r=
em;">Store:=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link"=
 href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/zqi3TCsc2JOQYaCRWvaj0M%2FovYMHd=
TBJKFHroYQp6l%2FwQ8sz6D7W5%2FrUTov8%0AQS%2FU1MaDJcir20ymWrOQAV02mj%2BX3q8lO=
OZdFEH8ghP5g5CU5RqPxwgQ2D%2FV%0Aaexmqa42GMHmLp%2FTwmDRp84b32pC%2B4KWjBhh4h9=
SyKwP60qiIJw%3D%0A/dec544f172630b46" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener nore=
ferrer nofollow"><span>https://zeroats.com/</span></a></span><span style=3D=
"font-size:1.5rem;">=C2=A0</span></p></li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p =
style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:=
break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Amazon:=C2=A0</span><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehi=
iv.com/v1/c/zhDBy55o7gnjlZd2emioVmGdPwjABaOUtfLfklm39njk8hX0qidZil%2FfMqZI%=
0ATBgctJ4Gd%2Fm%2FR%2B0KV1pqZF3uBsn2t7ZLXISfaTOpucDbEjCOdF3ni4ZEPTuH%0Al7kO=
xeX4DB9B%2BA46CcgsadQbgCPf%2B9HRym64TIQ7ij2YgS5Obuo%3D%0A/4fc858877eea3383"=
 target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>https://a.co/=
d/2gq1zJ9</span></a></span></p></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"link=
-to-all-my-old-videos" class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"=
color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h4 sty=
le=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;mso-line-height-alt:112.5%;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=91=89</span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5r=
em;">Link To All My Old Videos:</span></h4></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"paddi=
ng-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" clas=
s=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul styl=
e=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;=
margin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem =
ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;=
word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link"=
 href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/OJf01Po63LsLyYsRqCMGfcfNoTUJxYD=
KevxuQsbXljoOcqttslLCRufaMn%2Fc%0AroJaMSHEya0RNqh8UPP3EtC4V3BPt9egueMnuN%2F=
8knoxNctTV1VZwW4amyIl%0AQEEGqeNk%2F8gKQ9wYAmXmIwEEZr7viy3Hb%2FjipkD1SC8KWhz=
aX2A%3D%0A/47a8c2a156806fbb" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer n=
ofollow"><span>DropBox with all videos</span></a></span></p></li></ul></div=
></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"link-to-all-my-old-videos" class=3D"dd" align=3D"l=
eft" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;padding:0px 1=
5px;text-align:left;"><h4 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;mso-lin=
e-height-alt:112.5%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=91=89</span>=
<span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">Audio Versions of All Videos:</span></h4>=
</td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding-ri=
ght:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;" cl=
ass=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:dis=
c;margin-bottom:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0px =
0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150=
.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font=
-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c=
/T4eQ72ZrnvYw9HaFhbTBjn%2F750UocP%2FxaA5Lo5dCGroa1o1jvBwSwts5zAo7%0Aq%2F7n4=
bJEZfhboVN1jx8CxPGoefwl4uwITNcMGZpdOEn4zuUHFJWpAOpqv5A9%0AGfhGUefp4F%2Bx1YW=
APDqWBspChbCqiMpINn3HGOBa6GmhMLCdaOM%3D%0A/e17c42ce7dfa8153" target=3D"_bla=
nk" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Itunes</span></a></span></p>=
</li><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;p=
adding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size=
:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/r1QY=
J2eMtYq6gU24He%2F3C6KvduyQpkL0ZLq6M1SrE6VlwfH2X3GIls3BJpXY%0A3Ir0g26MGH5cu6=
GoScfV8dFUG5sw7tp8yPSefJgMsz59qKqaZ9y9f2FA7wq2%0AC9kVqg0NHQP927oRbsJwzZHFZQ=
kgSEK8Qix6clT84fpoiimn5k8%3D%0A/7f9185ae8d9d321b" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"=
noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Spotify</span></a></span></p></li></ul>=
</div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"get-the-peptide-cheat-sheet" class=3D"dd" ali=
gn=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;paddin=
g:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h3 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;=
mso-line-height-alt:125.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=91=89=
Get the Peptide Cheat Sheet:</span></h3></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-=
bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=
=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=
=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;m=
argin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem u=
ltext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;w=
ord-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" =
href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/KLAZSohIaIlSoUpAZSnWoBvCN%2BqHYN=
g6bkX8XQq45e8SvNj%2B%2Bt0yuNfqHh2P%0ARM8Z8ran9c3sPoYWx0%2FyGI1Z%2FggRJ0q71X=
LB6U2zmn3cD%2BXI1%2BwXyGHZRx%2F6%0AC8rVJRquaL%2BxwRSW1hgnQ1qvXrPbCBe56SYjri=
wzGJTfK2e8ytc%3D%0A/6bca3a672cf7f0ad" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener nor=
eferrer nofollow"><span>Peptide Cheat Sheet</span></a></span></p></li></ul>=
</div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"all-my-daily-essentials-on-amazon" class=3D"d=
d" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;=
padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h3 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:n=
ormal;mso-line-height-alt:125.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=
=91=89All my daily essentials on Amazon</span></h3></td></tr><tr><td style=
=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;padding-right:27px;padding-top:12=
px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"=
><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !i=
mportant;margin-top:12px !important;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"=
listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-al=
ign:left;word-break:break-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=
=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/%2F5bxFFLlxGcNsn%2FN7F=
ExA%2FuioCGJBPsvQthGbKtiI4YdOn67LPqpX%2BRiO7gb%0Aiv0hJodx3toJ8EKtvqxQMPPCXR=
d2ktH1xV9sGy0YToz5wqzVGffzXijhzoVI%0APP6hLhpsO3jEXzDMymrk31L0Evr1n91%2FUX7d=
wMjvdElDcRw1cRs%3D%0A/634e5d7a39c8401c" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener n=
oreferrer nofollow"><span>Amazon Storefront</span></a></span></p></li></ul>=
</div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"get-discounts-on-your-favorite-pept" class=3D=
"dd" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:norma=
l;padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h3 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight=
:normal;mso-line-height-alt:125.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=
=9F=91=89Get discounts on your favorite peptides and research chemicals:</s=
pan></h3></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37px;p=
adding-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-left=
:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-style=
-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;padding=
:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-heigh=
t-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span styl=
e=3D"color:#ff0000;font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;f=
ont-weight:700;">PEPTIDES</span></p><ul style=3D"list-style-type:circle;mar=
gin:0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p styl=
e=3D"mso-line-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:brea=
k-word;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">BioLongevity Labs (use code hunt=
erw for 15% off):=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D=
"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/v1/c/ttjF75W%2F%2B9DH6lamIjp3E=
X%2BZ3Ynf%2FEq8Nw%2B6D8Dch8PkXivhHp1S7Q85KsFh%0ARL59INf9JK0Bw2j2o%2B94IGWFW=
%2FiJaiTPSr5OHB9TpRXsddjoOKDvuchH6vhM%0APj1HpB9o7Mje9SI4h5HFdQybqgezwlLyjTQ=
%2F6PzpXgioss9KsGw%3D%0A/36ea64deba81919a" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopene=
r noreferrer nofollow"><span>https://biolongevitylabs.com/</span></a></span=
><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=C2=A0</span></p></li></ul></li></ul></d=
iv></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"10-off-my-favorite-protein-powder-a" class=3D"dd=
" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;p=
adding:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h3 style=3D"color:#2A2A2A;font-weight:no=
rmal;mso-line-height-alt:125.0%;"><span style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=
=91=8910% off the BEST workout supplements from Unmatched Supps (pre-workou=
t, whey protein, creatine, EAAs, electrolytes - use code HUNTERW at checkou=
t):</span></h3></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:=
37px;padding-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margi=
n-left:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list=
-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;p=
adding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line=
-height-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.b=
eehiiv.com/v1/c/fl%2B7ZBlxQt%2F1mBWzX5Syj5f%2Be%2Fz7wYx32xBI%2BbHhTr0gTVEfy=
5%2ByH4hCVHZh%0AjhJrOOdo%2B7yf%2FYPASaPT4ZOuTO1aS6hwpGLD%2FzFcyjjujUOZDRLC9=
Mn61vy3%0AT5ykxXDZ%2FzIrHuhqjMMo96J87kZnLwjS5IdE0aGYsHhvESlcAT8%3D%0A/97e8e=
f53e78fba43" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>h=
ttps://www.unmatchedsupps.com?sca_ref=3D8677061.S6mh8SOsogBzjOO</span></a><=
/span></p></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td id=3D"submit-a-video-topic-for-=
my-next-yo" class=3D"dd" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top" style=3D"color:#2A2A=
2A;font-weight:normal;padding:0px 15px;text-align:left;"><h3 style=3D"color=
:#2A2A2A;font-weight:normal;mso-line-height-alt:125.0%;"><span style=3D"fon=
t-size:1.5rem;">=F0=9F=91=89Submit A Video Topic For My Next YouTube Video:=
</span></h3></td></tr><tr><td style=3D"padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:37p=
x;padding-right:27px;padding-top:12px;" class=3D"ee"><div style=3D"margin-l=
eft:0px;" class=3D"edm_outlooklist"><ul style=3D"font-weight:normal;list-st=
yle-type:disc;margin-bottom:12px !important;margin-top:12px !important;padd=
ing:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><li class=3D"listItem ultext"><p style=3D"mso-line-he=
ight-alt:150.0%;padding:0px;text-align:left;word-break:break-word;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:1.5rem;"><a class=3D"link" href=3D"https://link.mail.beeh=
iiv.com/v1/c/tIIWmPLjw3z1g%2F8HTpwbG8SSVtPh7gMuL39WBlx7O%2F2aKQVda9rgqtlpTb=
D0%0AZi%2FtSvioFdGbMSJgLeH4qCD5HcbHVqysqv0AGtbi3neDdGYLGiWyADBfDaEh%0AKhU0p=
Gz1%2FlBq9w%2BXcfr%2B7kSTdd5uUhqmFq8tldom%2F5GVEVIlNJo%3D%0A/dfc03f27dc2caf=
56" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>https://hu=
nterwilliamsvideotopic.carrd.co/</span></a></span></p></li></ul></div></td>=
</tr><tr><td class=3D"w" align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" style=3D"padding:1=
5px 15px 15px 15px;"><table role=3D"none" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" align=3D"center"><tr><td align=3D"center" va=
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HohOLRMEwkGcQYPsjz8R%2FTX9mlU%0A5at4tCjXgpYWUEhaK6uXgv2OnKp2ZaFzz65iNELyHjd=
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--gwOBBt5CTm6GnfwJ9B+l+A--
